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MY'STORY

The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

Ruler of the Mali Empire in the 14th century

Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.

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Wikipedia

20D/Westphal

20D/Westphal
Discovery
Discovered byJustus Georg Westphal
Discovery date24 July 1852
Designations
D/1852 O1
D/1913 S1
1852 IV, 1913 VI, 1913d
Orbital characteristics[5][1]
Epoch1913-11-09 (JD 2420080.5)
Observation arc61 years
(Not observed in 113 years)[1]
Aphelion30.030 AU
Perihelion1.2540 AU
Semi-major axis15.642 AU
Eccentricity0.9198
Orbital period61.87 yr
Inclination40.890°
Last perihelion3 January 1976?[2] (unobserved)
Next perihelion4 May 2038?[3][4]
(lost since 1913)
Comet total
magnitude
(M1)
8.8

20D/Westphal was a Halley-type comet with an orbital period of 61 years. The comet appeared to disintegrate during the 1913 apparition and has not been observed in 113 years.[1]

Observational history

[edit]

The comet was originally discovered by the German astronomer Justus Georg Westphal from Göttingen, Germany on 24 July 1852. It was independently discovered by the American astronomer Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters (Constantinople) on August 9. The comet exhibited many flunctuations in intristic brightness and reached an apparent magnitude of around 4 while a dust tail was also observed.[6] It was last observed about 120 days after perihelion.[6]

The comet was recovered on 27 September 1913, by Pablo T. Delavan from the La Plata Astronomical Observatory about 60 days before perihelion.[7] However, the comet faded as it approached the Sun, losing its central condensation and the nucleus becoming elongated.[6] The plates of the comet indicate that the disintegration began on October 1, when the comet was reported to be visible with the naked eye using averted vision.[6] It was last observed on 26 November 1913. It was predicted to return in 1976 but was never observed,[8][9] and is now considered a lost comet.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "20D/Westphal Orbit". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 April 2026.
  2. ^ Seiichi Yoshida (21 February 2004). "20D/Westphal". Seiichi Yoshida's Comet Catalog. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  3. ^ "Horizons Batch for 20D/Westphal (90000307) on 2038-May-04" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Archived from the original on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2023. (JPL#19 Soln.date: 2003-Apr-11)
  4. ^ K. Kinoshita (28 February 2003). "20D/Westphal past, present and future orbital elements". Comet Orbit. Retrieved 10 April 2026.
  5. ^ "20D/Westphal – JPL Small-Body Database Lookup". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 26 July 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d Z. Sekanina (1984). "Disappearance and disintegration of comets". Icarus. 58 (1): 81–100. Bibcode:1984Icar...58...81S. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90099-X.
  7. ^ R. G. Aitken (1913). "Rediscovery of Westphal's Periodic Comet". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 25 (150): 266. Bibcode:1913PASP...25..266A. doi:10.1086/122254.
  8. ^ L. M. Belous (5–8 September 1973). Y. Kozai (ed.). The Motion of Comet Westphal in 1852–1974. The Stability of the Solar System and of Small Stellar Systems. Vol. 62. Warsaw, Poland. p. 135. Bibcode:1974IAUS...62..135B.{{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: year (link)
  9. ^ B. G. Marsden (December 1975). "Periodic Comet Westphal". IAU Circular. 2876 (3). Bibcode:1975IAUC.2876....3M.
[edit]


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Wikipedia

20D/Westphal

20D/Westphal was a Halley-type comet with an orbital period of 61 years. The comet appeared to disintegrate during the 1913 apparition and has not been observed in 113 years.

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20D

20D Canon EOS 20D, camera. 20D/Westphal, comet.

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Westphal (disambiguation)

Westphal is a surname. Westphal may also refer to: 20D/Westphal, a periodic comet Westphal, Nova Scotia Westphal balance, scientific instrument for measuring the density of liquids Westphal's sign, the clinical correlate of the absence or decrease of patellar reflex or knee jerk

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Wikipedia

Justus Georg Westphal

Justus Georg Westphal (18 March 1824 – 9 November 1859) was a German astronomer and mathematician. Westphal is not to be confused with Johann Heinrich Westphal (1794 – 1831). Within the NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) he also appears to be confused with a third Westphal, "Alfred Friedrich Julius Westphal" ("Dr. A. Westphal"), a geophysicist who lived from 1 August 1850 to 1924, and who first published in 1881. J. G. Westphal is only mentioned a few times in the ADS, between 1853 and 1859.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Who was the first African-American woman millionaire in the United States?

Madam C.J. Walker