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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| A86 | |
|---|---|
| Developer | Eric Isaacson |
| Stable release | 4.05
/ 14 January 2000 |
| Operating system | MS-DOS |
| Platform | x86 |
| Type | Assembler |
| License | Freeware |
| Website | eji |
A86 is an assembler for MS-DOS which generates 16-bit code for the Intel x86 family of microprocessors. Written by Eric Isaacson, it was distributed as shareware in June 1986. Isaacson was one of two people who implemented Intel's official ASM86 assembler released in 1982.
The A86 assembler is contained in one 32K executable and can directly produce a COM file or an object file for use with a standard linker. It comes with a debugger, D86.[1][2] Speed of assembly is a primary selling point, and Isaacson claimed that A86 could assemble 100,000 lines of source per second on a Pentium II or better.[3] 32-bit support was added in the mid 1990s in the form of A386 and D386.[1][2] These were not distributed as shareware, but were provided to users who registered A86.
While supporting expected x86 syntax, A86 and A386 do not require directives, such as ASSUME, SEGMENT, and PROC, which Microsoft Macro Assembler and other contemporaries rely on. A86 and A386 have a custom syntax for macros and local labels which is incompatible with other assemblers. There are also a variety of syntactical tweaks allowing more concise source code.
The A86 family of products was never ported to Windows, but it is possible to use the object files created by A386 with a Windows linker.[4] The assembler does not support 64-bit code.
If there are errors during assembly, the error messages are inserted directly into the source code so they can be found via text editor searches.[3] The messages are automatically removed if they no longer apply. This behavior can be turned off via a command line option.
Any label consisting of one letter followed by one or more digits is local, meaning it can be redefined as needed, with each definition replacing the prior. The manual recommends using L1 through L9 for normal code and M1 through M9 in macros. Branches to local labels are assumed to be backward, but a forward branch can be specified by prefixing the label reference with the greater than symbol (e.g.,>L2).
Numbers starting with a zero are hexadecimal, such as 00FF, instead of using a prefix such as "0x" or "$". A trailing "K" indicates kibibytes.[5] 16K is the same as 16*1024 or 16384.
Multiple registers can be pushed or popped on the same source line. push eax, edx, ebp generates one instruction for each of the three operands.
There is shorthand for conditionally executing a single instruction. if z mov ax,bx outputs two instructions: a conditional branch followed by the move.
If ret is specified as the label for a conditional branch, it automatically targets a return instruction within the 8-bit branch range (e.g., jz ret).
Macros use a different syntax than contemporaneous assemblers.
The assembler was designed to use particular instruction encodings which are functionally equivalent, but together create a fingerprint that's embedded in the executable file. This is mentioned in the legal terms section of the manual. The fingerprint makes it possible to tell if code was assembled with A86 and also to distinguish between registered and unregistered versions of the assembler.[6]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
A86 is an assembler for MS-DOS which generates 16-bit code for the Intel x86 family of microprocessors. Written by Eric Isaacson, it was distributed as shareware in June 1986. Isaacson was one of two people who implemented Intel's official ASM86 assembler released in 1982. The A86 assembler is contained in one 32K executable and can directly produce a COM file or an object file for use with a standard linker. It comes with a debugger, D86. Speed of assembly is a primary selling point, and Isaacson claimed that A86 could assemble 100,000 lines of source per second on a Pentium II or better. 32-bit support was added in the mid 1990s in the form of A386 and D386. These were not distributed as shareware, but were provided to users who registered A86. While supporting expected x86 syntax, A86 and A386 do not require directives, such as ASSUME, SEGMENT, and PROC, which Microsoft Macro Assembler and other contemporaries rely on. A86 and A386 have a custom syntax for macros and local labels which is incompatible with other assemblers. There are also a variety of syntactical tweaks allowing more concise source code. The A86 family of products was never ported to Windows, but it is possible to use the object files created by A386 with a Windows linker. The assembler does not support 64-bit code.
A86 or A-86 may refer to: A86 (software), an assembler for x86 architecture microprocessors A86 motorway (France), a beltway in the region of Paris A86 road, a major road in Scotland Dutch Defence, in the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings LOHAS Park station, a station of Hong Kong MTR
D86 may refer to: D86 (debugger), a debugger associated with the A86 software HMS Agincourt (D86), a Royal Navy Battle class destroyer HMS Birmingham (D86), a Royal Navy Type 42 destroyer HMS Hawkins (D86), a Royal Navy Hawkins class cruisers Sequoia Field airport FAA location identifier Grünfeld Defence, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code A method for automated distillation by ASTM
CP/M, originally standing for Control Program/Monitor and later Control Program for Microcomputers, is a mass-market operating system created in 1974 for Intel 8080-based microcomputers by Gary Kildall of Digital Research, Inc. CP/M is a disk operating system and its purpose is to organize files on a magnetic storage medium, and to load and run programs stored on a disk. Initially confined to single-tasking on 8-bit processors and no more than 64 kilobytes of memory, later versions of CP/M added multi-user variations and were migrated to 16-bit processors. CP/M's core components are the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), the Basic Disk Operating System (BDOS), and the Console Command Processor (CCP). The BIOS consists of drivers that deal with devices and system hardware. The BDOS implements the file system and provides system services to applications. The CCP is the command-line interpreter and provides some built-in commands. CP/M eventually became the de facto standard and the dominant operating system for microcomputers, in combination with the S-100 bus computers. This computer platform was widely used in business through the late 1970s and into the mid-1980s. CP/M increased the market size for both hardware and software by greatly reducing the amount of programming required to port an application to a new manufacturer's computer. An important driver of software innovation was the advent of (comparatively) low-cost microcomputers running CP/M, as independent programmers and hackers bought them and shared their creations in user groups. CP/M was eventually displaced in popularity by DOS following the 1981 introduction of the IBM PC.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.
