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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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| Clinical data | |
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| Other names | APA01; APA-001; APA001; PharmAla-1; P-1; (R)-2-[(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]pyrrolidine |
| Drug class | Entactogen |
| ATC code |
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| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number |
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| PubChem CID | |
| ChemSpider | |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C12H15NO2 |
| Molar mass | 205.257 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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APA-01, also known as PharmAla-1, is an entactogen of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and MDxx families related to MDMA which is under development for potential medical use.[1][2][3][4] It is a cyclized phenethylamine and is a derivative of MDMA in which the α position has been cyclized with the amine via a propyl group to form a pyrrolidine ring.[2][3][4]
The drug is predicted to interact with the monoamine transporters and with the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors.[4] In contrast to MDMA, it does not produce hyperthermia in rodents, instead producing dose-dependent hypothermia.[4] In addition, unlike MDMA, neither APA-01 nor the corresponding (S)- enantiomer showed hyperlocomotion in rodents.[4] Both APA-01 and the (S)- enantiomer produced sympathomimetic cardiovascular effects in rodents, but APA-01 had reduced impact compared to the (S)- enantiomer and relative to MDMA and dextromethamphetamine.[4] APA-01 showed prosocial effects in rodents similarly to MDMA, but with greater potency.[4] The drug is said to have improved safety compared to MDMA.[2]
The chemical synthesis of APA-01 has been described.[4]
APA-01 is under development by PharmAla Biotech.[1][2][3][4] As of April 2026, it is in the preclinical research stage of development.[1] Possible medical applications of APA-01 include treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and neurological conditions like traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke.[3] The drug was first described in the scientific literature, in a conference presentation, by 2024.[2]
[...] APA-01 (also known as PharmAla-1 or "P-1"), the Company's patented novel MDXX molecule. [...] APA-01 is (R)-2-[(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]pyrrolidine, a novel molecule protected by United States Patent No. 12,042,478, with potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of psychological trauma and neurological conditions, including Traumatic Brain Injury and Stroke. APA-01 is part of PharmAla's broader portfolio of novel MDXX class molecules being developed alongside its lead drug candidate, ALA-002, via its Phenesafe.AI drug discovery platform.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
APA-01, also known as PharmAla-1, is an entactogen of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and MDxx families related to MDMA which is under development for potential medical use. It is a cyclized phenethylamine and is a derivative of MDMA in which the α position has been cyclized with the amine via a propyl group to form a pyrrolidine ring. The drug is predicted to interact with the monoamine transporters and with the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors. In contrast to MDMA, it does not produce hyperthermia in rodents, instead producing dose-dependent hypothermia. In addition, unlike MDMA, neither APA-01 nor the corresponding (S)- enantiomer showed hyperlocomotion in rodents. Both APA-01 and the (S)- enantiomer produced sympathomimetic cardiovascular effects in rodents, but APA-01 had reduced impact compared to the (S)- enantiomer and relative to MDMA and dextromethamphetamine. APA-01 showed prosocial effects in rodents similarly to MDMA, but with greater potency. The drug is said to have improved safety compared to MDMA. The chemical synthesis of APA-01 has been described. APA-01 is under development by PharmAla Biotech. As of April 2026, it is in the preclinical research stage of development. Possible medical applications of APA-01 include treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and neurological conditions like traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. The drug was first described in the scientific literature, in a conference presentation, by 2024.
Apa Sherpa (born 20 January 1960), is a Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer who, until 2017, jointly with Phurba Tashi held the record for reaching the summit of Mount Everest more times than any other climber. As part of The Eco Everest Expedition 2011, Apa made his 21st Mount Everest summit in May 2011 then retired after a promise to his wife to stop climbing after 21 ascents. He first summited Everest in 1990 and his last time to the summit was in 2011. Apa met Edmund Hillary many times, and was on the Expedition with his son Peter Hillary in 1990, which was the first summit for both of them. Apa estimates he has been through the Khumbu Icefall about 1000 times and almost went with Rob Hall's ill-fated 1996 expedition. When questioned about stopping at 21, Apa stated: "Everyone says 21 is a good number. I have to make my family happy. Every time I go, they worry because Everest is very risky." He was still the joint holder of the world record of Mount Everest summits as of 2017, with Phurba Tashi and Kami Rita Sherpa, but the record was broken in 2018 by Kami Rita Sherpa.
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic medication belonging to the aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family. The drug is used to treat bacterial infections such as middle ear infection, strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, odontogenic infections, and urinary tract infections. It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth), or less commonly by either intramuscular injection or by an IV bolus injection, which is a relatively quick intravenous injection lasting from a couple of seconds to a few minutes. Common adverse effects include nausea and rash. It may also increase the risk of yeast infections, and when used in combination with clavulanic acid, diarrhea. It should not be used in those who are allergic to penicillin. While usable in those with kidney problems, the dose may need to be decreased. Its use in pregnancy and breastfeeding does not appear to be harmful. Amoxicillin is in the β-lactam family of antibiotics. Amoxicillin was discovered in 1958 and came into medical use in 1972. Amoxil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1974, and in the United Kingdom in 1977. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in children. Amoxicillin is available as a generic medication. In 2023, it was the 23rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 23 million prescriptions.
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy in tablet form, and molly in crystal form, is an entactogen with stimulant and minor psychedelic properties. MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch. It was used to enhance psychotherapy beginning in the 1970s and became popular as a street drug in the 1980s. MDMA is commonly used by attendees of dance parties, raves, and electronic dance music festivals. Tablets sold as ecstasy may be mixed with other substances such as ephedrine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. The lethal risk from one dose of MDMA is estimated to be from 1 death in 20,000 instances to 1 death in 50,000 instances. The purported pharmacological effects that may be prosocial include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last three to six hours. Short-term adverse effects include bruxism, blurred vision, sweating, and tachycardia, and extended use can also lead to addiction, amnesia, memory disorders, paranoia, and insomnia. Deaths have been reported due to increased body temperature and dehydration. MDMA acts primarily by increasing the release of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine in parts of the brain. It belongs to the substituted amphetamine classes of drugs. MDMA is structurally similar to mescaline (a psychedelic), methamphetamine (a stimulant), as well as endogenous monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. MDMA has limited approved medical uses in a small number of countries, but is illegal in most jurisdictions. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy may substantially improve PTSD symptoms, response, and remission rates compared to psychotherapy alone, but the evidence is low to very low certainty and safety data are limited, with some increased transient adverse events. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has given MDMA breakthrough therapy status (though there are no current clinical indications in the US). Canada has allowed limited distribution of MDMA upon application to and approval by Health Canada. In Australia, it may be prescribed in the treatment of PTSD by specifically authorised psychiatrists.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.