Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Apple II text mode uses the 7-bit ASCII (us-ascii) character set. The high-bit is set to display in normal mode on the 40x24 text screen.
The original Signetics 2513 character generator chip has 64 glyphs for upper case, numbers, symbols, and punctuation characters. Each 5x7 pixel bitmap matrix is displayed in a 7x8 character cell on the text screen. The 64 characters can be displayed in INVERSE in the range $00 to $3F, FLASHing in the range $40 to $7F, and NORMAL mode in the range $80 to $FF. Normal mode characters are repeated in the $80 to $FF range.
To display lowercase letters, applications can run in the graphics modes and use custom fonts, rather than running in text mode using the font in ROM.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0x | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| 1x | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _ |
| 2x | ! | " |
|
$ | % | & | ' | ( | ) |
|
+ | , | - | . | / | |
| 3x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|
|
< | = | > | ? |
| 4x | ||||||||||||||||
| 5x | ||||||||||||||||
| 6x | ` | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o |
| 7x | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | { | | | } | ~ | |
| 8x | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| 9x | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _ |
| Ax | SP | ! | " | # | $ | % | & | ' | ( | ) | * | + | , | - | . | / |
| Bx | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | : | ; | < | = | > | ? |
| Cx | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| Dx | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _ |
| Ex | ` | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o |
| Fx | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | { | | | } | ~ |
Two characters in the Apple II MouseText character set was updated for the GS. The characters unique to MouseText are encoded in Unicode's Symbols for Legacy Computing block.[1][2]
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0x | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| 1x | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _ |
| 2x | ! | " |
|
$ | % | & | ' | ( | ) |
|
+ | , | - | . | / | |
| 3x | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
|
|
< | = | > | ? |
| 4x | ||||||||||||||||
| 5x | ||||||||||||||||
| 6x | ` | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o |
| 7x | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | { | | | } | ~ | |
| 8x | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| 9x | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _ |
| Ax | SP | ! | " | # | $ | % | & | ' | ( | ) | * | + | , | - | . | / |
| Bx | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | : | ; | < | = | > | ? |
| Cx | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| Dx | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _ |
| Ex | ` | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o |
| Fx | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | { | | | } | ~ |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Apple II text mode uses the 7-bit ASCII (us-ascii) character set. The high-bit is set to display in normal mode on the 40x24 text screen.
Stanford/ITS character set is an extended ASCII character set based on SEASCII with modifications allowing compatibility with 1968 ASCII.
Extended ASCII is a repertoire of character encodings that generally include the original 96 ASCII character set, plus up to 128 additional characters. There is no formal definition of "extended ASCII", and the use of the term has been criticized. The ISO standard ISO 8859 was the first international standard to formalise an expansion of the ASCII character set: of the many language variants it encoded, ISO 8859-1 – which supports most Western European languages – is best known in the West as ISO Latin-1. Since ISO 8859, there have been many other extended ASCII encodings. EBCDIC likewise developed many extended variants over the decades. All modern operating systems use Unicode which supports thousands of characters. However, extended ASCII remains important in the history of computing, and supporting multiple extended ASCII character sets required software to be written in ways that made it much easier to support the UTF-8 encoding method later on.
In computer data, a substitute character (␚) is a control character that is used to pad transmitted data in order to send it in blocks of fixed size, or to stand in place of a character that is recognized to be invalid, erroneous or unrepresentable on a given device. It is also used as an escape sequence in some programming languages. In the ASCII character set, this character is encoded by the number 26 (1A hex). Standard keyboards transmit this code when the Ctrl and Z keys are pressed simultaneously (Ctrl+Z, often documented by convention as ^Z). Unicode inherits this character from ASCII, but recommends that the replacement character (�, U+FFFD) be used instead to represent un-decodable inputs, when the output encoding is compatible with it.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.