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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Other names | ASR2001; 2CB-5PrO; 2CB-5-PrO; 5-PrO-2C-B; 4-Bromo-2-methoxy-5-propoxyphenethylamine |
| Routes of administration | Oral[1] |
| Drug class | Non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor and 5-HT1B receptor agonist |
| ATC code |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Onset of action | 1–1.5 hours[1] |
| Duration of action | 8–10 hours[1] |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C12H18BrNO2 |
| Molar mass | 288.185 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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ASR-2001, also known as 2CB-5PrO or as 4-bromo-2-methoxy-5-propoxyphenethylamine, is a non-hallucinogenic serotonin receptor agonist of the phenethylamine, 2C, and TWEETIO families which is under development for the treatment of psychiatric disorders.[2][3][4][5][6][7] It is the TWEETIO analogue of 2C-B in which the 5-methoxy group is replaced with a 5-propoxy group.[5][8] The drug is taken orally.[1]
According to its developers, ASR-2001 has no overt psychedelic effects, but instead produces a "focusing-type" "state of mental clarity" without the frank psychostimulant effects of drugs like amphetamine and methylphenidate.[3][4][1][9] It is said to affect mood, concentration, and focus, to not disturb but to potentially facilitate detailed work, and to capture the effects that are being sought with psychedelic microdosing but with less risk.[9][1] As an example of its better safety profile, there is a ceiling effect with ASR-2001 such that pushing the dose will not result in an accidental psychedelic experience.[9] In addition, the drug has strong selectivity over the toxic serotonin 5-HT2B receptor, in contrast to psychedelics like LSD and psilocybin.[9] ASR-2001 is said to have a dose range of 10 to 40 mg, an onset of 1 to 1.5 hours, and a duration of 8 to 10 hours.[1] Its psychoactive effects are described as "subtle".[1]
ASR-2001 is a non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and is orally active, highly potent, and has high selectivity over the serotonin 5-HT2B receptor (94-fold in terms of activational potency).[3][4][5][1][9][8] It is also a highly potent agonist of the serotonin 5-HT1B receptor, whereas its activity at the serotonin serotonin 5-HT1A receptor was very weak and its activity at the serotonin 5-HT2C receptor was not described.[8] ASR-2001 showed no significant activity at a variety of other sites, including other serotonin receptors and the monoamine transporters.[8] The drug is said to have low efficacy in terms of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation, and this is said to be responsible for its lack of hallucinogenic effects.[9]
The chemical synthesis of ASR-2001 has been described.[8]
Analogues of ASR-2001 include other 2Cs like 2C-B and 2C-D, other TWEETIOs like 2CB-2EtO, 2CB-5EtO, and 2CB-2,5-DiEtO, DOx compounds like DOB, DOM, DOET, and DOPR, and 4Cs like 4C-B and Ariadne (4C-D).[10][11]
ASR-2001 was first described in 2023.[1][3] It was described by Nicholas Cozzi of the Alexander Shulgin Research Institute (ASRI) at the Psychedelic Science conference in June 2023.[3] The drug was patented by Mark Martini, Nicholas Cozzi, Paul Daley, and Thomas Szabo in association with ASRI in 2024.[5][8]
ASR-2001 is a controlled substance in Canada under phenethylamine blanket-ban language.[12]
ASR-2001 is not an explicitly controlled substance in the United States.[13] However, it could be considered a controlled substance under the Federal Analogue Act if intended for human consumption.
ASR-2001 is under development by Nicholas V. Cozzi and Paul F. Daley and colleagues at the Alexander Shulgin Research Institute (ASRI).[3][4][1][2] As of early 2025, it is in the preclinical research stage of development.[7][2] Potential applications of ASR-2001 are said to include treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and self-betterment in healthy individuals, depending on what regulatory agencies may allow.[9]
We have a second lead compound that's a phenethylamine that is actually not psychedelic but it does have effects on mood, concentration, focus, and I've been saying that I think it sort of captures the effect that people are trying to achieve with microdosing, but on two accounts it has much better safety profile. If you push dose, since it has limited efficacy, that's how fully can the receptor systems that it touches be turned on, its efficacy appears to be low, so even if you push dose, there's sort of a ceiling of effect, and it never becomes really psychedelic. So that's a safety factor, you can't overdo it and be all of a sudden tripping at your desk, which is not necessarily a great outcome. [...] So this second compound that we call ASR-2001 is about 100-fold less effective at 2B than at 2A. [...]
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
ASR-2001, also known as 2CB-5PrO or as 4-bromo-2-methoxy-5-propoxyphenethylamine, is a non-hallucinogenic serotonin receptor agonist of the phenethylamine, 2C, and TWEETIO families which is under development for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. It is the TWEETIO analogue of 2C-B in which the 5-methoxy group is replaced with a 5-propoxy group. The drug is taken orally.
TWEETIO is a family of phenethylamine psychedelic drugs. They are analogues of the 2C drugs (4-substituted 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines) in which one or both of the methoxy groups at positions 2 and 5 of the phenyl ring have been lengthened to ethoxy groups. Examples include 2CD-2-EtO (a TWEETIO of 2C-D), 2CE-5-EtO (a TWEETIO of 2C-E), and 2CT2-5-EtO (a TWEETIO of 2C-T-2), among many others. The TWEETIO drugs are said to have been named in a humorous way by pronouncing the simplest structural form of "2-EtO-X". Limited human data are available on the TWEETIO compounds. In any case, some generalizations have been made, including that the 2-EtO compounds tend to have a shorter duration and decreased potency, the 5-EtO drugs tend to have enhanced potency and remarkably increased durations, and the 2,5-DiEtO drugs tend to be inactive. The TWEETIO compounds were developed by Darrell Lemaire as potential "smart drugs" in the 1970s or 1980s. The compounds were described in the scientific literature by Alexander Shulgin via personal communication with Lemaire in the 1990s and 2000s. It was said by Shulgin in 2003 that the propoxy analogues had not yet been synthesized. In 2023, the propoxy derivative ASR-2001 (2CB-5PrO) was reported by Nick Cozzi and Paul F. Daley of the Alexander Shulgin Research Institute. It is under development for potential medical use.
This is a list of psychedelic chemists, or of chemists who first identified, isolated, and/or synthesized specific psychedelic drugs or otherwise contributed to psychedelic chemistry: Albert Hofmann – discovered LSD, isolated psilocybin from psilocybin-containing mushrooms and ergine (LSA) from morning glory, developed numerous lysergamides and some psilocybin analogues Alexander Shulgin – developed numerous psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines Alexander Shulgin Research Institute (ASRI; Nicholas V. Cozzi and Paul F. Daley) – developed ASR-2001 (2CB-5PrO) and ASR-3001 (5-MeO-iPALT), among others Anton Köllisch – synthesized MDMA Arthur Heffter – isolated mescaline from peyote Carina Leveriza-Franz – manufactured MDMA Carl Mannich – synthesized MDA Casey William Hardison – manufactured various psychedelics and studied 2C-T-7 Charles D. Nichols – developed certain medically intended psychedelics such as 2C-iBu Daniel Trachsel – developed numerous psychedelic phenethylamines Darrell Lemaire – studied 2C-D as a "smart drug" and developed the TWEETIO psychedelics David E. Nichols – developed numerous psychedelic phenethylamines, tryptamines, and lysergamides David E. Olson – founder of Delix Therapeutics, developed various psychedelic-related drugs such as tabernanthalog, zalsupindole, and JRT David Repke – developed numerous psychedelic tryptamines Ernst Späth – synthesized mescaline Gordon Alles – discovered the effects of MDA (the first synthetic psychedelic) and other work Hamilton Morris – developed various psychedelics Jason Wallach – developed various psychedelics Jonathan Ott – confirmed the psychoactivity of bufotenin and identified various plants containing harmala alkaloids or DMT. Lizard Labs (Alexander Stratford) – developed numerous LSD prodrugs such as 1P-LSD and 1V-LSD Louis Lewin – attempted to isolate mescaline from peyote M. Mueller – described the properties and effects of 2C-EF and 2C-iBu in humans and disclosed them via Alexander Shulgin Matthew J. Baggott – founder of Tactogen, developed novel entactogens and psychedelics Nicholas Sand – manufactured LSD and DMT Oswaldo Gonçalves de Lima – isolated DMT Otakar Leminger – developed escaline, proscaline, allylescaline, and MEPEA among others Owsley Stanley – manufactured LSD and DOM (STP) P. Rausch – developed various psychedelic phenethylamines and disclosed many of them via Daniel Trachsel Peyton Jacob III – worked with Alexander Shulgin developing psychedelics Ralf Heim – developed 25I-NBOMe and other psychedelic N-benzylphenethylamines Richard Glennon – developed numerous psychedelic phenethylamines and tryptamines Richard Manske – synthesized DMT and identified and synthesized harmine and harmaline Robert Oberlender – a student in the lab of David E. Nichols who developed and studied various psychedelics and entactogens Stephen Szára – discovered the effects of DMT, developed various psychedelic DMT analogues Tim Scully – manufactured LSD Toshio Hoshino – synthesized bufotenin and 5-MeO-DMT William Leonard Pickard – manufactured LSD and tested other psychedelics like 5-fluoro-AMT, 6-fluoro-AMT, and likely LSZ Willy Myco – makes videos on how to make psychedelic drugs such as LSD
ASR-3001, also known as 5-methoxy-N-isopropyl-N-allyltryptamine (5-MeO-iPALT), is a serotonin receptor agonist and serotonergic psychedelic of the tryptamine and 5-methoxytryptamine families which is under development for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. It is a close analogue of related psychedelic tryptamines like 5-MeO-DALT, 5-MeO-DiPT, and 5-MeO-MiPT. The drug is taken orally.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
