Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Active Template Library | |
|---|---|
| Developer | Microsoft |
| Written in | C++ |
| Operating system | Microsoft Windows |
| Type | Library or framework |
| License | Proprietary |
The Active Template Library (ATL) is a set of template-based C++ classes developed by Microsoft, intended to simplify the programming of Component Object Model (COM) objects. The COM support in Microsoft Visual C++ (MSVC) allows developers to create a variety of COM objects, OLE Automation servers, and ActiveX controls.[1][2]
ATL is integrated with software wizards supplied with MSVC that facilitate automatic copy-and-paste programming for basic tasks, such as configuring the library's build options and setting up the primary structure of an ATL object definition. On the COM client side ATL provides smart pointers that deal with COM reference counting. The library makes heavy use of the curiously recurring template pattern and multiple inheritance.[1]
COM objects can also be created with Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC), but this leads to larger binaries that require support DLLs.[3] ATL, on the other hand, is a more lightweight alternative in situations where the graphical user interface parts of MFC are not required.[4]
Older versions of ATL (ATL prior to version 7.1, pre-Visual Studio 2005) are incompatible with DEP because it places executable thunks in data heap.[5][6] This problem can be mitigated with DEP-ATL thunk emulation with performance penalty.[7][8]
In ATL version 7 (Visual Studio 2003), which directly succeeded version 3 (Visual Studio 6.0), a number of MFC classes like CString were made available in ATL, or more precisely moved to an ATLMFC common layer which is shared by both libraries. ATL version 7 also introduced attributes in C++ in an attempt to provide something similar to CLI attributes, however these have not been particularly successful, and have been deemphasized in ATL version 8 (Visual Studio 2005); the various wizards no longer generate them by default. Version 7 also introduced new string conversion classes.
On July 28, 2009, Microsoft released a patch to ATL to fix a bug that could allow ActiveX controls created using ATL to be vulnerable to a security flaw permitting remote code execution.[9]
Since Visual Studio 2013 (ATL version 12), all ATL code is statically linked, eliminating the DLL.[10][11]
ATL version is defined by ATL_VER macros and can be queried via AtlGetVersion() function.[12]
ATL includes several wrapper classes that encapsulate COM types in order to simplify programs' usage thereof. These classes provide a façade over the management of runtime COM data structures, along with RAII semantics.[13] The most commonly used classes include:
CComPtr<T>[14] general-purpose smart-pointer,CComBSTR[15] BSTR wrapper,CComVariant[16] VARIANT wrapper, andCComSafeArray<T>[17] SAFEARRAY wrapper.[18]The CComPtr class template is a generic smart pointer class that is parameterized on the type of COM interface being wrapped. Instances of this class are initialized using an appropriate COM interface pointer, passed as an argument either to the class constructor or the object's overloaded assignment operator.[19]
Instances of the CComPtr class always perform reference counting, and there is no ATL analogue to the single-owner unique_ptr smart pointer class as found in the C++11 standard library. Instead, CComPtr can be used for both single-owner and multiple-owner scenarios.[20]
The CComSafeArray<T> class template is a wrapper class for the COM SAFEARRAY type, designed to ease handling of safe arrays.[21] The class is generic, being parameterized on the element type of the safe array, although only a subset of C++ types are supported as such.[22]
Because it is a type that encapsulates a growable array, the functionality provided by CComSafeArray<T> overlaps with that of the vector sequence container in the standard template library.[23] While STL vectors are more efficient at dynamic resizing, they do not provide the ABI stability ensured by safe arrays as a COM type, which allow the latter to be transferred across module and programming language boundaries.[23]
Although not formally part of ATL, MSVC also includes additional C++ RAII classes to simplify management of COM types.[24] These compiler COM support classes can be used as replacement for or in combination with ATL, and includes:
_com_ptr_t[25] smart-pointer that decorates the COM interface name with a "Ptr" suffix,_bstr_t[26] BSTR wrapper,_variant_t[27] VARIANT wrapper, and_com_error[28] HRESULT wrapper.Note that as of Visual Studio 2012, the compiler COM support classes does not include a SAFEARRAY wrapper.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Active Template Library (ATL) is a set of template-based C++ classes developed by Microsoft, intended to simplify the programming of Component Object Model (COM) objects. The COM support in Microsoft Visual C++ (MSVC) allows developers to create a variety of COM objects, OLE Automation servers, and ActiveX controls. ATL is integrated with software wizards supplied with MSVC that facilitate automatic copy-and-paste programming for basic tasks, such as configuring the library's build options and setting up the primary structure of an ATL object definition. On the COM client side ATL provides smart pointers that deal with COM reference counting. The library makes heavy use of the curiously recurring template pattern and multiple inheritance.
Himetric is a resolution-independent unit of length. Its role is similar to the twip, but it is one hundredth of a millimetre. It is mainly used in Object Linking and Embedding and derived technologies such as ActiveX, Active Template Library and Visual Basic up to version 6.
ATL Server is a technology originally developed by Microsoft for developing web-based applications. It uses a tag replacement engine written in C++ to render web pages. It draws on the existing technologies like ISAPI and the Active Template Library, and includes a template library which is dedicated for use with developing Web-based applications. ATL Server first appeared with Visual Studio .NET 2003. It was included in Visual Studio 2005 but is no longer supported since the release of Visual Studio 2008. Most of the ATL Server code base has been released as a shared source project on CodePlex, a Microsoft-run code sharing web site. A typical ATL server application consists of at least one ISAPI extension DLL along with one or a number of Server Response Files (.srf) and their associated application DLL files which provide the application functionality.
The Standard Template Library (STL) was a software library originally designed by Alexander Stepanov for the C++ programming language that influenced many parts of the C++ Standard Library, though no longer is actively maintained and is now mostly integrated into the C++ standard library itself. It provides four components called algorithms, containers, functors, and iterators. The STL provides a set of common classes for C++, such as containers and associative arrays, that can be used with any built-in type or user-defined type that supports some elementary operations (such as copying and assignment). STL algorithms are independent of containers, which significantly reduces the complexity of the library. The STL achieves its results through the use of templates. This approach provides compile-time polymorphism that is often more efficient than traditional run-time polymorphism. Modern C++ compilers are tuned to minimize abstraction penalties arising from heavy use of the STL. The STL was created as the first library of generic algorithms and data structures for C++, with four ideas in mind: generic programming, abstractness without loss of efficiency, the Von Neumann computation model, and value semantics. The STL and the C++ Standard Library are two distinct entities, though sometimes the parts of the C++ Standard Library directly influenced/inherited from the STL are called "the STL".
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
