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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. (September 2010) |
| Apache HTTP Server | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Original author | Robert McCool |
| Developer | Apache Software Foundation |
| Release | April 1995[1] |
| Stable release | 2.4.69[2] 
/ October 1, 2026 |
| Written in | C[3] |
| Operating system | Unix-like, Microsoft Windows,[4] OpenVMS |
| Type | Web server |
| License | Apache-2.0 |
| Website | httpd |
| Repository | |
The Apache HTTP Server is a free and open-source cross-platform web server, released under the terms of Apache License 2.0. It is developed and maintained by a community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation.
The vast majority of Apache HTTP Server instances run on a Linux distribution,[5] but current versions also run on Microsoft Windows,[6] OpenVMS,[7] and a wide variety of Unix-like systems. Past versions also ran on NetWare, OS/2 and other operating systems,[8] including ports to mainframes.[9]
Originally based on the NCSA HTTPd server, development of Apache began in early 1995 after work on the NCSA code stalled.[10] Apache played a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web,[11] It quickly overtook NCSA HTTPd as the dominant web server software for HTTP. In 2009, it became the first web server software to serve more than 100 million websites.[12]
As of March 2025[update], Netcraft estimated that Apache served 17.83% of the million busiest websites, with the other top four being Cloudflare at 22.99%, nginx at 20.11%, and Microsoft Internet Information Services at 4.16%.[13] According to W3Techs' review of all web sites, in April 2026 Apache was ranked third at 23.7% and nginx first at 32.7%, with Cloudflare Server second at 27.7%.[14]
According to The Apache Software Foundation, its name was chosen "from respect for the various Native American nations collectively referred to as Apache, well-known for their superior skills in warfare strategy and their inexhaustible endurance".[15] This was in a context in which it seemed that the open internet—based on free exchange of open source code—appeared to be soon subjected to a kind of conquer by proprietary software vendor Microsoft; Apache co-creator Brian Behlendorf—originator of the name—saw his effort somewhat parallel that of Geronimo, Chief of the last of the free Apache peoples.[16][17] But it conceded that the name "also makes a cute pun on 'a patchy web server'—a server made from a series of patches".
Despite the Foundation's current claim that the name was chosen out of respect for Native Americans, previous statements, such as the project's official documentation in 1995, say that the name was instead based on a pun. This documentation did not mention Native American tribes in the context of the name:[18][19]
Apache is a cute name which stuck. It was based on some existing code and a series of software patches, a pun on 'A PAtCHy' server.
In addition, Behlendorf made no reference to Native American tribes when he talked about the origins of the name in a 2000 interview, where he stated that it was not a pun, but was instead chosen to be aggressive-sounding:[20]
The name literally came out of the blue. I wish I could say that it was something fantastic, but it was out of the blue. I put it on a page and then a few months later when this project started, I pointed people to this page and said: "Hey, what do you think of that idea?" ... Someone said they liked the name and that it was a really good pun. And I was like, "A pun? What do you mean?" He said, "Well, we're building a server out of a bunch of software patches, right? So it's a patchy Web server." I went, "Oh, all right." ... When I thought of the name, no. It just sort of connoted: "Take no prisoners. Be kind of aggressive and kick some ass."
In January 2023, the US-based non-profit Natives in Tech accused the Apache Software Foundation of cultural appropriation and urged them to change the foundation's name, and consequently also the names of the software projects it hosts. The Foundation did not change the name.[21][22]
When Apache is running under Unix, its process name is httpd, which is short for "HTTP daemon".[23]
Apache supports a variety of features, many implemented as compiled modules which extend the core functions. These include authentication features, support for server-side programming languages such as Perl, Python, Tcl and PHP, support for Secure Sockets Layer and Transport Layer Security, proxying features, URL rewriting features, logging features, and filtering support.[24]
Apache supports data compression to reduce the size of web pages served over HTTP. ModSecurity is an open source intrusion detecting and preventing engine for web applications. Apache logs can be analyzed through a Web browser using free scripts, such as AWStats/W3Perl or Visitors.
Virtual hosting allows one Apache installation to serve many different websites. For example, one computer with one Apache installation could simultaneously serve example.com, example.org, test47.test-server.example.edu, etc.
Apache features configurable error messages, database management system (DBMS) based authentication databases, content negotiation and supports several graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
It supports password authentication and digital certificate authentication. Because the source code is freely available, anyone can adapt the server for specific needs, and there is a large public library of Apache add-ons.[25]
A more detailed list of features is provided below:
public_html per-user web-pages[38]Instead of implementing a single architecture, Apache provides a variety of MultiProcessing Modules (MPMs) which determine how the server handles multiple connections and requests. These modules allow Apache to run in either a process-based mode, a hybrid (process and thread) mode, or an event-driven mode, in order to better match the demands of different environments. Choice of MPM and configuration is therefore important.[42]
For delivering static pages, Apache 2.2 series was considered significantly slower than nginx and varnish.[43] To address this issue, the Apache developers created the Event MPM, which mixes the use of several processes and several threads per process in an asynchronous event-based loop.[44][clarification needed] This architecture as implemented in the Apache 2.4 series performs at least as well as event-based web servers, according to Jim Jagielski and other independent sources.[45][46][47] However, some independent but significantly outdated benchmarks show that it is still half as fast as nginx, e.g.[48]
The Apache HTTP Server codebase was relicensed to the Apache 2.0 License (from the previous 1.1 license) in January 2004,[49] and Apache HTTP Server 1.3.31 and 2.0.49 were the first releases using the new license.[50]
The OpenBSD project did not like the change and continued the use of pre-2.0 Apache versions, effectively forking Apache 1.3.x for its purposes.[51][52][53] They initially replaced it with nginx, and soon after made their own replacement, OpenBSD Httpd, based on the Relayd project.[54][55][56][57]
Version 1.1: The Apache License 1.1 was approved by the ASF in 2000: The primary change from the 1.0 license is in the 'advertising clause' (section 3 of the 1.0 license); derived products are no longer required to include attribution in their advertising materials, only in their documentation.
Version 2.0: The ASF adopted the Apache License 2.0 in January 2004. The stated goals of the license included making the license easier for non-ASF projects to use, improving compatibility with GPL-based software, allowing the license to be included by reference instead of listed in every file, clarifying the license on contributions, and requiring a patent license on contributions that necessarily infringe a contributor's own patents.
| Version | Initial release | Latest release |
|---|---|---|
| 1.3 | 1998-06-06[58] | 2010-02-03 (1.3.42)[59] |
| 2.0 | 2002-04-06[60] | 2013-07-10 (2.0.65)[61] |
| 2.2 | 2005-12-01[62] | 2017-07-11 (2.2.34)[63] |
| 2.4 | 2012-02-21[64] | 2026-06-08 (2.4.68)[65] |
Unsupported Latest version | ||
The Apache HTTP Server Project is a collaborative software development effort aimed at creating a robust, commercial-grade, feature-rich and freely available source code implementation of an HTTP (Web) server. The project is jointly managed by a group of volunteers located around the world, using the Internet and the Web to communicate, plan, and develop the server and its related documentation. This project is part of the Apache Software Foundation. In addition, hundreds of users have contributed ideas, code, and documentation to the project.[66][67][68]
Apache 2.4 dropped support for BeOS, TPF, A/UX, NeXT, and Tandem platforms.[8]
Older versions of Apache were vulnerable to a denial-of-service attack called Slowloris, which creates many simultaneous partially completed requests, exhausting the server's pool of available connections.[69] Since Apache 2.2.15, Apache ships the module mod_reqtimeout as the official solution supported by the developers.[70]
Platform support has been removed for BeOS, TPF, and even older platforms such as A/UX, Next, and Tandem. These were believed to be broken anyway.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Other | |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Apache HTTP Server is a free and open-source cross-platform web server, released under the terms of Apache License 2.0. It is developed and maintained by a community of developers under the auspices of the Apache Software Foundation. The vast majority of Apache HTTP Server instances run on a Linux distribution, but current versions also run on Microsoft Windows, OpenVMS, and a wide variety of Unix-like systems. Past versions also ran on NetWare, OS/2 and other operating systems, including ports to mainframes. Originally based on the NCSA HTTPd server, development of Apache began in early 1995 after work on the NCSA code stalled. Apache played a key role in the initial growth of the World Wide Web, It quickly overtook NCSA HTTPd as the dominant web server software for HTTP. In 2009, it became the first web server software to serve more than 100 million websites. As of March 2025, Netcraft estimated that Apache served 17.83% of the million busiest websites, with the other top four being Cloudflare at 22.99%, nginx at 20.11%, and Microsoft Internet Information Services at 4.16%. According to W3Techs' review of all web sites, in April 2026 Apache was ranked third at 23.7% and nginx first at 32.7%, with Cloudflare Server second at 27.7%.
The Apache Software Foundation ( ə-PATCH-ee; ASF) is an American nonprofit corporation (classified as a 501(c)(3) organization in the United States) that supports a number of open-source software projects. The ASF was formed from a group of developers of the Apache HTTP Server, and incorporated on March 25, 1999. As of 2021, it includes approximately 1000 members. The Apache Software Foundation is a decentralized open source community of developers. The software they produce is distributed under the terms of the Apache License, a permissive open-source license for free and open-source software (FOSS). The Apache projects are characterized by a collaborative, consensus-based development process and an open and pragmatic software license, which is to say that it allows developers, who receive the software freely, to redistribute it under non-free terms. Each project is managed by a self-selected team of technical experts who are active contributors to the project. The ASF is a meritocracy, with membership granted only to volunteers who have actively contributed to Apache projects. Among the ASF's objectives are: to provide legal protection to volunteers working on Apache projects, and to prevent the "Apache" brand name from being used by other organizations without permission. The ASF holds several Community Over Code conferences each year, highlighting Apache projects and related technology.
The Hughes/McDonnell Douglas/Boeing AH-64 Apache ( ə-PATCH-ee) is an American twin-turboshaft attack helicopter with a tailwheel-type landing gear and a tandem cockpit for a crew of two. Nose-mounted sensors help acquire targets and provide night vision. It carries a 30 mm (1.18 in) M230 chain gun under its forward fuselage and four hardpoints on stub-wing pylons for armament and stores, typically AGM-114 Hellfire missiles and Hydra 70 rocket pods. Redundant systems help it survive combat damage. The Apache began as the Model 77 developed by Hughes Helicopters for the United States Army's Advanced Attack Helicopter program to replace the AH-1 Cobra. The prototype YAH-64 first flew on 30 September 1975. The U.S. Army selected the YAH-64 over the Bell YAH-63 in 1976, and later approved full production in 1982. After acquiring Hughes Helicopters in 1984, McDonnell Douglas continued AH-64 production and development. The helicopter was introduced to U.S. Army service in April 1986. The advanced AH-64D Apache Longbow was delivered to the Army in March 1997. Production has been continued by Boeing Defense, Space & Security. As of March 2024, over 2,700 Apaches have been delivered to the U.S. Army and 18 international partners and allies. Primarily operated by the U.S. Army, the AH-64 has also become the primary attack helicopter of multiple nations, including Greece, Japan, Israel, the Netherlands, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates. It has been built under license in the United Kingdom as the AgustaWestland Apache. American AH-64s have served in conflicts in Panama, the Persian Gulf, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Iran. Israel has used the Apache to fight in Lebanon and the Gaza Strip. British and Dutch Apaches were deployed to wars in Afghanistan and Iraq beginning in 2001 and 2003.
The Apache License is a permissive free-software and free and open source software license written by the Apache Software Foundation (ASF). It allows users to use the software for any purpose, to distribute it, to modify it, and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license, without concern for royalties. The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License. The license is also used by many non-ASF projects.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.
