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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
The attack surface of a software environment is the sum of the different points (for attack vectors) where an unauthorized user (the "attacker") can try to enter data to, extract data from, or control a device or critical software in an environment.[1][2][3] Ted. G. Lewis compares cyber attack-surfaces with battlefield attack-surfaces.[4]
Keeping the attack surface as small as possible is a basic computing security measure.[5]
 | This section needs more citations. (October 2021) |
Worldwide digital change has accelerated the size, scope, and composition of an organization's attack surface. The size of an attack surface may fluctuate over time, adding and subtracting assets and digital systems (e.g. websites, hosts, cloud and mobile apps, etc.). Attack surface sizes can change rapidly as well. Digital assets eschew the physical requirements of traditional network devices, servers, data centers, and on-premise networks. This leads to attack surfaces changing rapidly, based on the organization's needs and the availability of digital services to accomplish it.
Attack surface scope also varies from organization to organization. With the rise of digital supply chains, interdependencies, and globalization, an organization's attack surface has a broader scope of concern (viz. vectors for cyberattacks). Lastly, the composition of an organization's attack surface consists of small entities linked together in digital relationships and connections to the rest of the internet and organizational infrastructure, including the scope of third-parties, digital supply chain, and even adversary-threat infrastructure.
An attack surface composition can range widely between various organizations, yet often identify many of the same elements, including:
Due to the increase in the countless potential vulnerable points each enterprise has, there has been increasing advantage for hackers and attackers as they only need to find one vulnerable point to succeed in their attack.[6]
There are three steps towards understanding and visualizing an attack surface:
Step 1: Visualize. Visualizing the system of an enterprise is the first step, by mapping out all the devices, paths and networks.[6]
Step 2: Find indicators of exposures. The second step is to correspond each indicator of a vulnerability being potentially exposed to the visualized map in the previous step. Indicators of exposures (IOEs) include "missing security controls in systems and software".[6]
Step 3: Find indicators of compromise. This is an indicator that an attack has already succeeded.[6]
One approach to improving information security is to reduce the attack surface of a system or software. The basic strategies of attack surface reduction include the following: reduce the amount of code running, reduce entry points available to untrusted users, and eliminate services requested by relatively few users. By having less code available to unauthorized actors, there tend to be fewer failures. By turning off unnecessary functionality, there are fewer security risks.
Although attack surface reduction helps prevent security failures, it does not mitigate the amount of damage an attacker could inflict once a vulnerability is found.[7]
The concept of an attack surface, or surfaces where computer security struggles take place parallels the attack surface of a battlefield.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The attack surface of a software environment is the sum of the different points (for attack vectors) where an unauthorized user (the "attacker") can try to enter data to, extract data from, or control a device or critical software in an environment. Ted. G. Lewis compares cyber attack-surfaces with battlefield attack-surfaces. Keeping the attack surface as small as possible is a basic computing security measure.
Attack Surface Analyzer was a tool created for the analysis of changes made to the attack surface of the operating systems since Windows Vista and beyond. It was a tool recommended by Microsoft in its SDL guidelines in the verification stage of the development.
The Precision Attack Air-to-Surface Missile (PAASM) is a weapon system currently under development by Raytheon. It is designed to defeat armored vehicles, buildings, hardened bunkers and small naval targets. The missile uses technology developed for the Joint Common Missile (JCM) and Precision Attack Missile (PAM) programs.
A cruise missile submarine is a submarine that carries and launches cruise missiles (SLCMs consisting of land-attack cruise missiles and anti-ship missiles) as its primary armament. Missiles greatly enhance a warship's ability to attack surface combatants and strike land targets; although torpedoes are a more discreet option for submerged submarines, missiles give a much longer stand-off range, shorter time to impact the target, as well as the ability to engage multiple targets on different headings at the same time. Many cruise missile submarines retain the capability to deploy nuclear warheads on their missiles, but they are considered distinct from ballistic missile submarines due to the substantial differences between the two weapons systems' flight characteristics; cruise missiles fly aerodynamically using flight surfaces like wings or fins, while a ballistic missile uses its engine power alone as it may exit the atmosphere. The United States Navy's hull classification symbols for cruise missile submarines are SSG and SSGN – the SS denotes submarine, the G denotes guided missile, and the N denotes that the submarine is nuclear-powered. The earliest designs of cruise missile submarines had to surface to launch their missiles, while later designs could do so underwater via dedicated vertical launching system (VLS) tubes. Many modern attack submarines can launch cruise missiles (and dedicated anti-ship missiles) from their torpedo tubes while some designs also incorporate a small number of VLS canisters, giving an overlap between cruise missile submarines and traditional attack submarines. Nonetheless, vessels classified as attack submarines are designed to use torpedoes as their main armament and have a more multi-role mission profile due to their greater speed and maneuverability. This is in contrast to cruise missile submarines which are typically larger, slower boats carrying a larger number of missiles and often possess a special compartment dedicated solely to the cruise missile tubes. However, the line between SSGNs and SSNs is blurring, as new generations of SSNs increasingly carry cruise missiles. French Suffren-class nuclear submarines carry long-range MdCN cruise missiles launched not from vertical launchers (VLS) but from standard 533mm torpedo tubes.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.