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In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Munshi Azimuddin al-Hanafi | |
|---|---|
| Personal life | |
| Born | 1838 |
| Died | 1922 (aged 83–84) |
| Religious life | |
| Religion | Islam |
| Denomination | Sunni |
| Jurisprudence | Hanafi |
| Movement | Taiyuni |
| Muslim leader | |
| Disciple of | Karamat Ali Jaunpuri |
Munshi Azimuddin Hanafi (1838–1922) was a Bengali Islamic scholar, social reformer, orator, poet and author.[1]
Munshi Azimuddin was born in 1838 to a Bengali Muslim family of Munshis in the village of Gozadia in the Mymensingh District of the Bengal Presidency (present-day Kishoreganj District, Bangladesh).[2] His father, Munshi Borhanullah, was a bibliophile. The family was descended from one of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb's ministers that were based in Jahangir Nagar, who later settled in Gozadia, which was under the jurisdiction of the Zamindars of Jangalbari.[3]
Azimuddin studied at the local maktab up until the age of eleven years. He then pursued further Islamic studies in Calcutta and Bombay. He became a disciple of Karamat Ali Jaunpuri, founder of the Taiyuni movement, and associated himself with the Hanafi school of jurisprudence.[1]
Munshi Azimuddin Hanafi rose to prominence as he engaged in literary and physical debates with Faraizi scholars, particular regarding Friday prayers. He performed the Hajj pilgrimage twice, travelling to Mecca by foot on both occasions. Azimuddin also supported the idea that British India was not a territory of war.[4]
He wrote most of his books in Bengali in the puthi format and covered a variety of topics such as Islamic theology, history and women's rights.[5] A small number of his works were written in Arabic and Urdu, and he was also proficient in Persian. Azimuddin has a large body of work titled Asrār as-Ṣalāh. His most notable work in Urdu was Resāla-e-Azīmuddīn Hanafī (1895) which challenged critics of the Hanafi school of thought.[6] This work was published from the Ahmadi Press in Calcutta and began with a qasida written in Urdu.[7] Azimuddin Hanafi translated the Futūḥ al-Shām by Al-Waqidi into Bengali for the first time. Some of his other Bengali works include:[1]
Munshi Azimuddin Hanafi died in Bengal in 1922. His works are preserved at the library of the India Office in London.[1] In 2005, Muhammad Abdur Rashid Bhuiyan published a research paper on Azimuddin's life titled Munshi Azimuddin Nama.[9][10]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Munshi Azimuddin Hanafi (1838–1922) was a Bengali Islamic scholar, social reformer, orator, poet and author.
The Hanafi school or Hanafism is the largest school of Islamic jurisprudence out of the four principal schools within Sunni Islam. It developed from the teachings of the jurist and theologian Abu Hanifa (c. 699–767 CE), who systematised the use of reasoning (ra'y). Hanafi legal theory primarily derives law from the Quran, the sayings and practices of Muhammad (sunna), scholarly consensus (ijmāʿ), and analogical reasoning (qiyās), but also considers juristic discretion (istiḥsān) and local customs (ʿurf). It is distinctive in its greater usage of qiyās than other schools. The school spread throughout the Muslim world under the patronage of various Islamic empires, including the Abbasids and Seljuks. The region of Transoxiana emerged as a centre of classical Hanafi scholarship between the 10th and 12th centuries, which gave rise to the Maturidi school of theology. The Ottoman Empire adopted Hanafism as its official school of law and influenced the legal thought of the school, eventually codifying it as the Mecelle in the 1870s. Followers of the Hanafi school are called Hanafis, and are estimated to number around 800 million worldwide. As such, it accounts for approximately 45% of all Muslims and remains the largest Islamic school, being predominant in the Balkans, Central Asia, the Caucasus, Turkey, the Levant, and South Asia.
Abu Hanifa (Arabic: أَبُو حَنِيفَة, romanized: Abū Ḥanīfa; 5 September 699 – 18 June 767 CE) was a Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, and ascetic, and the founder and eponym of the Hanafi school of Sunni jurisprudence. The Hanafi school remains the most widely practised of the Sunni schools and is extensively followed and applied throughout the Muslim world, predominating in Central and South Asia, Turkey, Africa, the Balkans, Russia, and parts of the Arab world. In his youth Abu Hanifa travelled to the Hejaz and studied in the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina, and he later became established as a leading religious authority in Kufa. As a jurist and theologian, Abu Hanifa became particularly associated with the use of reason in both jurisprudential rulings and theology. He played an important role as a theoretical systematizer of technical legal thought and exercised considerable influence over his students in Kufa, especially Abu Yusuf, although he never held an official post as qadi. His school was distinguished from other schools of law by its use of qiyās (analogy), istiḥsān (juristic preference), and raʾy (personal judgement) to resolve new legal problems arising in the expanding Muslim world. He also emphasized the conception of an international Muslim community united by the Qurʾān and Sunnah while avoiding extremes. After his death, his school continued to develop, and most of its adherents eventually also came to follow the Maturidi school of theology. Al-Dhahabi described him as "one of the geniuses of the sons of Adam" who "combined jurisprudence, worship, scrupulousness, and generosity". His two principal students, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad al-Shaybani, subsequently became celebrated jurists in their own right. Abu Hanifa maintained an independent position toward political authority. He suffered punishment and imprisonment under both the Umayyads and the Abbasids because of these independent views and his refusal to accept the official office of qadi in Kufa. He ultimately died in prison in Baghdad in 767 (AH 150).
Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlavi (2 February 1898 – 24 May 1982), also written as Muḥammad Zakarīyā Ṣiddīqī Kāndhlawī Sahāranpūrī Muhājir Madanī, was a Sunni Hanafi Hadith scholar of the Deobandi school of Islamic thought in India, popularly known as a "Hazrat Shaykh al-Hadith" and an influential ideologue of Tablighi Jamaat, the missionary and reform movement founded by his uncle Maulana Muhammad Ilyas. His notable works are Awjaz al-Masalik, an Arabic commentary in six volumes on Imam Malik's Muwatta, and Khasa'il-i Nabawi, an Urdu translation and commentary on Imam at-Tirmidhi's Shama'il.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.