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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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In computing base and bounds refers to a simple form of virtual memory where access to computer memory is controlled by one or a small number of sets of processor registers called base and bounds registers.[1] The ICT 1900 series called these the datum and limit registers.[2]
In its simplest form each user process is assigned a single contiguous segment of main memory. The operating system loads the physical address of this segment into a base register and its size into a bound register. Virtual addresses seen by the program are added to the contents of the base register to generate the physical address. The address is checked against the contents of the bounds register to prevent a process from accessing memory beyond its assigned segment.
The operating system is not constrained by the hardware and can access all of physical memory.
This technique protects memory used by one process against access or modification by another. By itself it does not protect memory from erroneous access by the owning process. It also allows programs to be easily relocated in memory, since only the base and bounds registers have to be modified when the program is moved.
Some computer systems extended this mechanism to multiple segments, such as the i bank and d bank for instructions and data on the UNIVAC 1100 series computers or the separation of memory on the DEC PDP-10 system into a read/write "low" segment for the user process and a read-only "high" segment for sharable code.
Apple Computer's MultiFinder of 1987 is a more modern use of this technique. Programs shipped with a requested bounds figure stored in the resource fork and the operating system attempted to move the program to an area in memory with that amount free. The user could also adjust this figure using the Get Info dialog, typically to increase the amount of memory for programs with large needs, like Photoshop.
Segmented virtual memory is a further generalization of this mechanism to a large number of segments. Usually the segment table is kept in memory rather than registers.
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In computing base and bounds refers to a simple form of virtual memory where access to computer memory is controlled by one or a small number of sets of processor registers called base and bounds registers. The ICT 1900 series called these the datum and limit registers. In its simplest form each user process is assigned a single contiguous segment of main memory. The operating system loads the physical address of this segment into a base register and its size into a bound register. Virtual addresses seen by the program are added to the contents of the base register to generate the physical address. The address is checked against the contents of the bounds register to prevent a process from accessing memory beyond its assigned segment. The operating system is not constrained by the hardware and can access all of physical memory. This technique protects memory used by one process against access or modification by another. By itself it does not protect memory from erroneous access by the owning process. It also allows programs to be easily relocated in memory, since only the base and bounds registers have to be modified when the program is moved. Some computer systems extended this mechanism to multiple segments, such as the i bank and d bank for instructions and data on the UNIVAC 1100 series computers or the separation of memory on the DEC PDP-10 system into a read/write "low" segment for the user process and a read-only "high" segment for sharable code. Apple Computer's MultiFinder of 1987 is a more modern use of this technique. Programs shipped with a requested bounds figure stored in the resource fork and the operating system attempted to move the program to an area in memory with that amount free. The user could also adjust this figure using the Get Info dialog, typically to increase the amount of memory for programs with large needs, like Photoshop. Segmented virtual memory is a further generalization of this mechanism to a large number of segments. Usually the segment table is kept in memory rather than registers.
Butts and bounds, shortened form for "abuttals and boundaries" of a property, are the boundary lines delineated between plots of land, usually those which define the end of an estate, as used in legal deeds, titles, etc. These are usually descriptive features in the property, such as trees, outcroppings of stone, or riverine brooks, etc., and are signified in the legal deed for purposes of identification.
Metes and bounds is a system or method of describing land, real property (in contrast to personal property) or real estate. The system has been used in England for many centuries and is still used there in the definition of general boundaries. The system is also used in the Canadian province of Ontario, and throughout Canada for the description of electoral districts. By custom, it was applied in the original Thirteen Colonies that became the United States, and in many other jurisdictions that adopted land administration and legal practice based on English common law, including Zimbabwe, South Africa, India and Bangladesh. While still in hand-me-down use, this system has been largely overtaken in the past few centuries by newer systems such as rectangular (government survey) and lot and block (recorded plat). Typically the system uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define and describe the boundaries of a parcel of land. The boundaries are described in a running prose style, working around the parcel in sequence, from a point of beginning, returning to the same point, comparable with the oral ritual of beating the bounds. It may include references to other adjoining parcels (and their owners), and it, in turn, could also be referred to in later surveys. At the time the description is compiled, it may have been marked on the ground with permanent monuments placed where there were no suitable natural monuments. Metes refers to boundaries defined by the measurement of straight runs, specified by a distance between the terminal points, and an orientation or direction. A direction may be a simple compass bearing or a precise orientation determined by accurate survey methods. Bounds (Abuttals and boundaries) refers to more general boundary descriptions, such as along a certain watercourse, a stone wall, an adjoining public road way, or an existing building. The system is often used to define larger pieces of property (e.g. farms) and political subdivisions (e.g. town boundaries) where precise definition is not required or would be far too expensive, or previously designated boundaries can be incorporated into the description.
Leaps and Bounds was a chain of indoor play-places that was started by McDonald's in 1991. The main attraction was a tube maze complex with ball pits. They hosted children's birthday parties where pizza and cake were served. There were arcade-style games that awarded tickets for cheap prizes. Leaps and Bounds' buildings had colorful exterior design elements of tubes, blocks, and circles to resemble the tube mazes the play-place featured. "Play with Purpose" was their slogan. It merged with competitor Discovery Zone in 1995, whose assets were later bought out by Chuck E. Cheese in 1999.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
