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MY'STORY

The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

The Violence That Helped Spark the NAACP

In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.

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BHP gathered finds from its connected research sources. Showing the 4 strongest Black History matches.
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Wikipedia

Botzinger complex

In mammals, the Bötzinger complex (BötC) is a group of mainly expiratory neurons located within the ventral respiratory column in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (immediately caudal to the facial nucleus and ventral to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus).[1][2]

Function

[edit]

The Bötzinger complex plays an important role in controlling breathing[3][4] and response to hypoxia.[5][6] It consists primarily of glycinergic neurons[7] which inhibit the activity of inspiratory neurons. In the respiratory cycle, Bötzinger neurons show mainly E-augmenting or E-decrementing activity.[8][9][10]

Name

[edit]

The Bötzinger complex was named by the participants of a scientific meeting held in Hirschhorn in 1980 after a bottle of white wine named Botzinger present at the dinner table during the conference dinner.[11]

Connections

[edit]

The Bötzinger Complex has projections to:

Only augmenting expiratory neurons of BötC, which are exclusively glycinergic, project to the phrenic nucleus.[21][14]

Projections to the Bötzinger complex include the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS)[22][23] and VRG.[24]

Physiology

[edit]

These neurons may act as intrinsic pacemakers.[25] E-decrementing neurons display an initial burst of activity followed by decrease towards the end of expiration. Aug-E neurons begin firing during the E2 phase and end before the phrenic nerve burst.[19][26]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bianchi AL, Grélot L, Iscoe S, Remmers JE (1988). "Electrophysiological properties of rostral medullary respiratory neurones in the cat: an intracellular study". J Physiol. 407: 293–310. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017416. PMC 1191204. PMID 3256618.
  2. ^ a b Otake K, Sasaki H, Mannen H, Ezure K (1987). "Morphology of expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger complex: an HRP study in the cat". J Comp Neurol. 258 (4): 565–79. doi:10.1002/cne.902580407. PMID 3034989.
  3. ^ Bongianni F, Corda M, Fontana GA, Pantaleo T (1991). "Reciprocal connections between rostral ventrolateral medulla and inspiration-related medullary areas in the cat". Brain Res. 565 (1): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91751-l. PMID 1773353.
  4. ^ Guyenet PG (2000). "Neural structures that mediate sympathoexcitation during hypoxia". Respir Physiol. 121 (2–3): 147–62. doi:10.1016/s0034-5687(00)00125-0. PMID 10963771.
  5. ^ Hirooka Y, Polson JW, Potts PD, Dampney RA (1997). "Hypoxia-induced Fos expression in neurons projecting to the pressor region in the rostral ventrolateral medulla". Neuroscience. 80 (4): 1209–24. doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00111-5. PMID 9284071.
  6. ^ Nitsos I, Walker DW (1999). "The distribution of FOS-immunoreactive neurons in the brainstem, midbrain and diencephalon of fetal sheep in response to acute hypoxia in mid and late gestation". Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 114 (1): 9–26. doi:10.1016/s0165-3806(99)00010-3. PMID 10209238.
  7. ^ Winter SM, Fresemann J, Schnell C, Oku Y, Hirrlinger J, Hülsmann S (2009). "Glycinergic interneurons are functionally integrated into the inspiratory network of mouse medullary slices". Pflügers Arch. 458 (3): 459–69. doi:10.1007/s00424-009-0647-1. PMC 2691554. PMID 19238427.
  8. ^ Richter A, Heyne K, Sagebiel J, Weber M (1986). "[Respiratory emergency in the newborn infant: extreme laryngotracheo-esophageal cleft (esophagotrachea)]". Monatsschr Kinderheilkd. 134 (12): 874–7. PMID 3821744.
  9. ^ Richter DW (1982). "Generation and maintenance of the respiratory rhythm". J Exp Biol. 100 (1): 93–107. Bibcode:1982JExpB.100...93R. doi:10.1242/jeb.100.1.93. PMID 6757372.
  10. ^ Merrill EG (1981). "Where are the real respiratory neurons?". Fed Proc. 40 (9): 2389–94. PMID 7250385.
  11. ^ "What's so inspiring about respiration? | UCLA Health". www.uclahealth.org. Retrieved 2025-10-09.
  12. ^ a b Jiang C, Lipski J (1990). "Extensive monosynaptic inhibition of ventral respiratory group neurons by augmenting neurons in the Bötzinger complex in the cat". Exp Brain Res. 81 (3): 639–48. doi:10.1007/bf02423514. PMID 2226695.
  13. ^ a b c d Otake K, Sasaki H, Ezure K, Manabe M (1988). "Axonal projections from Bötzinger expiratory neurons to contralateral ventral and dorsal respiratory groups in the cat". Exp Brain Res. 72 (1): 167–77. doi:10.1007/bf00248512. PMID 3169184.
  14. ^ a b Tian GF, Peever JH, Duffin J (1998). "Bötzinger-complex expiratory neurons monosynaptically inhibit phrenic motoneurons in the decerebrate rat". Exp Brain Res. 122 (2): 149–56. doi:10.1007/s002210050502. PMID 9776513.
  15. ^ Lipski J, Merrill EG (1980). "Electrophysiological demonstration of the projection from expiratory neurones in rostral medulla to contralateral dorsal respiratory group". Brain Res. 197 (2): 521–4. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)91140-3. PMID 7407571.
  16. ^ Bryant TH, Yoshida S, de Castro D, Lipski J (1993). "Expiratory neurons of the Bötzinger Complex in the rat: a morphological study following intracellular labeling with biocytin". J Comp Neurol. 335 (2): 267–82. doi:10.1002/cne.903350210. PMID 8227518.
  17. ^ Richter DW, Smith JC (2014). "Respiratory rhythm generation in vivo". Physiology. 29 (1): 58–71. doi:10.1152/physiol.00035.2013. PMC 3929116. PMID 24382872.
  18. ^ Shen L, Li YM, Duffin J (2003). "Inhibitory connections among rostral medullary expiratory neurones detected with cross-correlation in the decerebrate rat". Pflügers Arch. 446 (3): 365–72. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1024-0. PMID 12687375.
  19. ^ a b Smith JC, Abdala AP, Koizumi H, Rybak IA, Paton JF (2007). "Spatial and functional architecture of the mammalian brain stem respiratory network: a hierarchy of three oscillatory mechanisms". J Neurophysiol. 98 (6): 3370–87. doi:10.1152/jn.00985.2007. PMC 2225347. PMID 17913982.
  20. ^ Ezure K, Tanaka I, Saito Y (2003). "Brainstem and spinal projections of augmenting expiratory neurons in the rat". Neurosci Res. 45 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1016/s0168-0102(02)00197-9. PMID 12507723.
  21. ^ Schreihofer AM, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG (1999). "Evidence for glycinergic respiratory neurons: Bötzinger neurons express mRNA for glycinergic transporter 2". J Comp Neurol. 407 (4): 583–97. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990517)407:4<583::aid-cne8>3.0.co;2-e. PMID 10235646.
  22. ^ Accorsi-Mendonça D, Bonagamba LG, Leão RM, Machado BH (2009). "Are L-glutamate and ATP cotransmitters of the peripheral chemoreflex in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius?". Exp Physiol. 94 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2008.043653. PMID 18931046.
  23. ^ Ruff F, Caubarrere I, Salem A, Dubois F, Duroux P (1975). "[Regional distribution of pulmonary perfusion during fluid overload in man]". Ann Anesthesiol Fr. 16 Spec No 2-3: 164–8. PMID 9861.
  24. ^ Douse MA, Duffin J (1992). "Projections to Bötzinger expiratory neurons by dorsal and ventral respiratory group neurons". NeuroReport. 3 (5): 393–6. doi:10.1097/00001756-199205000-00004. PMID 1633274.
  25. ^ Almado CE, Leão RM, Machado BH (2014). "Intrinsic properties of rostral ventrolateral medulla presympathetic and bulbospinal respiratory neurons of juvenile rats are not affected by chronic intermittent hypoxia". Exp Physiol. 99 (7): 937–50. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2013.077800. PMID 24728679.
  26. ^ Moraes DJ, Bonagamba LG, Costa KM, Costa-Silva JH, Zoccal DB, Machado BH (2014). "Short-term sustained hypoxia induces changes in the coupling of sympathetic and respiratory activities in rats". J Physiol. 592 (Pt 9): 2013–33. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.262212. PMC 4230776. PMID 24614747.

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Wikipedia

Botzinger complex

In mammals, the Bötzinger complex (BötC) is a group of mainly expiratory neurons located within the ventral respiratory column in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (immediately caudal to the facial nucleus and ventral to the compact formation of the nucleus ambiguus).

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Wikipedia

BIMU8

BIMU-8 is a drug which acts as a 5-HT4 receptor selective agonist. BIMU-8 was one of the first compounds of this class. The main action of BIMU-8 is to increase the rate of respiration by activating an area of the brain stem known as the pre-Botzinger complex.

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Wikipedia

Complex

Complex commonly refers to: Complexity, the behaviour of a system whose components interact in multiple ways so possible interactions are difficult to describe Complex system, a system composed of many components which may interact with each other Complex (psychology), a core pattern of emotions etc. in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme such as power or status Complex may also refer to:

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Wikipedia

Pre-Bötzinger complex

The preBötzinger complex, often abbreviated as preBötC, is a functionally and anatomically specialized site in the ventral-lateral region of the lower medulla oblongata (i.e., lower brainstem). The preBötC is part of the ventral respiratory group of respiratory related interneurons. Its foremost function is to generate the inspiratory breathing rhythm in mammals. In addition, the preBötC is widely and paucisynaptically connected to higher brain centers that regulate arousal and excitability more generally such that respiratory brain function is intimately connected with many other rhythmic and cognitive functions of the brain and central nervous system. Further, the preBötC receives mechanical sensory information from the airways that encode lung volume as well as pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide content of circulating blood and the cerebrospinal fluid. The preBötC is approximately colocated with the hypoglossal (XII) cranial motor nucleus as well as the 'loop' portion of the inferior olive in the anterior-posterior axis. The caudal border of the preBötC is slightly caudal to the obex, where the brainstem merges with the cervical spinal cord.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Which heavyweight champion was known as the “Brown Bomber”?

Joe Louis.