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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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 A bottle of bromoform with some in the adjacent beaker
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| Names | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Preferred IUPAC name
Tribromomethane[1] | |||
| Other names | |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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| Abbreviations |
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| 1731048 | |||
| ChEBI | |||
| ChEMBL | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| DrugBank | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.777 | ||
| EC Number |
| ||
| 49500 | |||
| KEGG | |||
| MeSH | bromoform | ||
PubChem CID
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| RTECS number |
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| UNII | |||
| UN number | 2515 | ||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| CHBr3 | |||
| Molar mass | 252.731 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | Colorless liquid | ||
| Density | 2.89 g/cm3 | ||
| Melting point | 8.69 °C; 47.64 °F; 281.84 K | ||
| Boiling point | 149.40 °C; 300.92 °F; 422.55 K | ||
| 3.2 g L−1 (at 30 °C) | |||
| log P | 2.435 | ||
| Vapor pressure | 670 Pa (at 20.0 °C) | ||
Henry's law
constant (kH) |
17 μmol Pa−1 kg−1 | ||
| Acidity (pKa) | 13.7 | ||
| UV-vis (λmax) | 223 nm | ||
| −82.60·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
Refractive index (nD)
|
1.595 | ||
| Thermochemistry | |||
Heat capacity (C)
|
130.5 J K−1 mol−1 | ||
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
6.1–12.7 kJ mol−1 | ||
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH⦵298) |
−549.1–−542.5 kJ mol−1 | ||
Enthalpy of fusion (ΔfH⦵fus)
|
11.046 kJ/mol | ||
Enthalpy of vaporization (ΔfHvap)
|
46.06 kJ/mol | ||
| Hazards | |||
| GHS labelling: | |||
 
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| Danger | |||
| H302, H315, H319, H331, H411 | |||
| P261, P273, P305+P351+P338, P311 | |||
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LD50 (median dose)
|
933.0 mg/kg (oral, rat) | ||
LDLo (lowest published)
|
1400 mg/kg (mouse, oral) 1147 mg/kg (rat, oral)[4] | ||
LC50 (median concentration)
|
1151 ppm (mammal)[4] | ||
LCLo (lowest published)
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4282 ppm (rat, 4 hr) 7000 ppm (dog, 1 hr)[4] | ||
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible)
|
TWA 0.5 ppm (5 mg/m3) [skin][2] | ||
REL (Recommended)
|
TWA 0.5 ppm (5 mg/m3) [skin][2] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger)
|
850 ppm[2] | ||
| Related compounds | |||
Related alkanes
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| Pharmacology | |||
| Legal status | |||
| Supplementary data page | |||
| Bromoform (data page) | |||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Bromoform is an organic compound with the chemical formula CHBr3. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index and a very high density. Its sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform. It is one of the four haloforms, the others being fluoroform, chloroform, and iodoform. It is a brominated organic solvent. Currently its main use is as a laboratory reagent. It is very slightly soluble in water (one part bromoform in 800 parts water) and is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, acetone and oils.
The molecule adopts tetrahedral molecular geometry with C3v symmetry.
Bromoform was discovered in 1832 by Löwig who distilled a mixture of bromal and potassium hydroxide, as analogous to preparation of chloroform from chloral.[6]
Bromoform can be prepared by the haloform reaction using acetone and sodium hypobromite, by the electrolysis of potassium bromide in ethanol, or by treating chloroform with aluminium bromide.
Only small quantities of bromoform are currently produced industrially in the United States. In the past, it was used as a solvent, sedative and flame retardant, but now it is mainly used as a laboratory reagent, for example as an extraction solvent.
Bromoform's high density makes it useful for separation of minerals by density. When two samples are mixed with bromoform and then allowed to settle, the top layer will contain minerals less dense than bromoform, and the bottom layer will contain denser minerals. Slightly less dense minerals can be separated in the same way by mixing the bromoform with a small amount of a less dense and miscible solvent.
Bromoform is known as an inhibitor of methanogenesis and is a common component of seaweed.[7][8]
Following research by CSIRO and a spin-off company known as FutureFeed, several companies are now growing seaweed, in particular from the genus Asparagopsis, to use as a feed additive for livestock to reduce methane emissions from ruminants.[9]
Natural production of bromoform by phytoplankton and seaweeds in the ocean is thought to be its predominant source in the environment.[7] However, locally significant amounts of bromoform enter the environment formed as disinfection byproducts when bromine is added to drinking water to kill bacteria. It is somewhat soluble in water and readily evaporates into the air. Bromoform is the main trihalomethane produced in beachfront salt water swimming pools with concentrations as high as 1.2 ppm. Concentrations in freshwater pools are 1000 times lower.[10] Occupational skin exposure limits are set at 0.5 ppm.[11]
The substance may be hazardous to the environment, and special attention should be given to aquatic organisms. Its volatility and environmental persistence makes bromoform's release, either as liquid or vapor, strongly inadvisable.
Bromoform can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and through the skin. The substance is irritating to the respiratory tract, the eyes, and the skin, and may cause effects on the central nervous system and liver, resulting in impaired functions. Its LD50 is 7.2 mmol/kg in mice, or 1.8 g/kg. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that bromoform is not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity. The EPA classified bromoform as a probable human carcinogen.[12][dead link][13][dead link]
The retained names 'bromoform' for HCBr3, 'chloroform' for HCCl3, and 'iodoform' for HCI3 are acceptable in general nomenclature. Preferred IUPAC names are substitutive names.
By substitution pattern | |||||||||||
| Unsubstituted | |||||||||||
| Monosubstituted | |||||||||||
| Disubstituted |
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| Trisubstituted |
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| Tetrasubstituted |
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Special types | |||||||||||
| Chiral | |||||||||||
| Isotopologues | |||||||||||
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Bromoform is an organic compound with the chemical formula CHBr3. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature, with a high refractive index and a very high density. Its sweet odor is similar to that of chloroform. It is one of the four haloforms, the others being fluoroform, chloroform, and iodoform. It is a brominated organic solvent. Currently its main use is as a laboratory reagent. It is very slightly soluble in water (one part bromoform in 800 parts water) and is miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, acetone and oils.
This page provides supplementary chemical data on bromoform.
In chemistry, the haloform reaction (also referred to as the Lieben haloform reaction) is a chemical reaction in which a haloform (CHX3, where X is a halogen) is produced by the exhaustive halogenation of an acetyl group (R−C(=O)CH3, where R can be either a hydrogen atom, an alkyl or an aryl group), in the presence of a base. The reaction can be used to transform acetyl groups into carboxyl groups (R−C(=O)OH) or to produce chloroform (CHCl3), bromoform (CHBr3), or iodoform (CHI3). Note that fluoroform (CHF3) can't be prepared in this way.
FutureFeed is a ruminant livestock feed ingredient based on seaweed that can reduce methane emissions, established by Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). FutureFeed holds the global intellectual property to use the seaweed Asparagopsis for livestock feed. Lowered methane emissions can be achieved by the addition of a small amount of the seaweed into the daily diet of livestock. This discovery was made by a team of scientists from CSIRO and James Cook University (JCU), supported by Meat & Livestock Australia (MLA), who came together in 2013 to investigate the methane reduction potential of various native Australian seaweeds. Asparagopsis is a genus of red algae, endemic in many parts of the world including Australia. The seaweed has proven to be the most efficient natural supplement available for lowering methane from ruminant livestock. It also has feed efficiency benefits. The active ingredient in seaweed is bromoform, which inhibits a key enzyme for methanogenesis.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
