Explore Black History

In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a bulk queue^[1] (sometimes batch queue^[2]) is a general queueing model where jobs arrive in and/or are served in groups of random size.^[3]^: vii Batch arrivals have been used to describe large deliveries^[4] and batch services to model a hospital out-patient department holding a clinic once a week,^[5] a transport link with fixed capacity^[6]^[7] and an elevator.^[8]

Networks of such queues are known to have a product form stationary distribution under certain conditions.^[9] Under heavy traffic conditions a bulk queue is known to behave like a reflected Brownian motion.^[10]^[11]

Kendall's notation

In Kendall's notation for single queueing nodes, the random variable denoting bulk arrivals or service is denoted with a superscript, for example M^X/M^Y/1 denotes an M/M/1 queue where the arrivals are in batches determined by the random variable X and the services in bulk determined by the random variable Y. In a similar way, the GI/G/1 queue is extended to GI^X/G^Y/1.^[1]

Bulk service

Customers arrive at random instants according to a Poisson process and form a single queue, from the front of which batches of customers (typically with a fixed maximum size^[12]) are served at a rate with independent distribution.^[5] The equilibrium distribution, mean and variance of queue length are known for this model.^[5]

The optimal maximum size of batch, subject to operating cost constraints, can be modelled as a Markov decision process.^[13]

Bulk arrival

Optimal service-provision procedures to minimize long run expected cost have been published.^[4]

Waiting Time Distribution

The waiting time distribution of bulk Poisson arrival is presented in.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b Chiamsiri, Singha; Leonard, Michael S. (1981). "A Diffusion Approximation for Bulk Queues". Management Science. 27 (10): 1188–1199. doi:10.1287/mnsc.27.10.1188. JSTOR 2631086.
^ Özden, Eda (2012). Discrete Time Analysis of Consolidated Transport Processes. KIT Scientific Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-3-86644-801-8.
^ Chaudhry, M. L.; Templeton, James G. C. (1983). A first course in bulk queues. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-86260-4.
^ ^a ^b Berg, Menachem; van der Duyn Schouten, Frank; Jansen, Jorg (1998). "Optimal Batch Provisioning to Customers Subject to a Delay-Limit". Management Science. 44 (5): 684–697. doi:10.1287/mnsc.44.5.684. JSTOR 2634473.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bailey, Norman T. J. (1954). "On Queueing Processes with Bulk Service". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 61 (1): 80–87. JSTOR 2984011.
^ Deb, Rajat K. (1978). "Optimal Dispatching of a Finite Capacity Shuttle". Management Science. 24 (13): 1362–1372. doi:10.1287/mnsc.24.13.1362. JSTOR 2630642.
^ Glazer, A.; Hassin, R. (1987). "Equilibrium Arrivals in Queues with Bulk Service at Scheduled Times". Transportation Science. 21 (4): 273–278. doi:10.1287/trsc.21.4.273. JSTOR 25768286.
^ Marcel F. Neuts (1967). "A General Class of Bulk Queues with Poisson Input" (PDF). The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 38 (3): 759–770. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177698869. JSTOR 2238992.
^ Henderson, W.; Taylor, P. G. (1990). "Product form in networks of queues with batch arrivals and batch services". Queueing Systems. 6: 71–87. doi:10.1007/BF02411466.
^ Iglehart, Donald L.; Ward, Whitt (1970). "Multiple Channel Queues in Heavy Traffic. II: Sequences, Networks, and Batches" (PDF). Advances in Applied Probability. 2 (2): 355–369. doi:10.1017/s0001867800037435. JSTOR 1426324. Retrieved 30 Nov 2012.
^ Harrison, P. G.; Hayden, R. A.; Knottenbelt, W. (2013). "Product-forms in batch networks: Approximation and asymptotics" (PDF). Performance Evaluation. 70 (10): 822. doi:10.1016/j.peva.2013.08.011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-09-04.
^ Downton, F. (1955). "Waiting Time in Bulk Service Queues". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 17 (2). Royal Statistical Society: 256–261. JSTOR 2983959.
^ Deb, Rajat K.; Serfozo, Richard F. (1973). "Optimal Control of Batch Service Queues". Advances in Applied Probability. 5 (2): 340–361. doi:10.2307/1426040. JSTOR 1426040.
^ Medhi, Jyotiprasad (1975). "Waiting Time Distribution in a Poisson Queue with a General Bulk Service Rule". Management Science. 21 (7): 777–782. doi:10.1287/mnsc.21.7.777. JSTOR 2629773.

[chiamsiri-1] Chiamsiri, Singha; Leonard, Michael S. (1981). "A Diffusion Approximation for Bulk Queues". Management Science. 27 (10): 1188–1199. doi:10.1287/mnsc.27.10.1188. JSTOR 2631086.

[2] Özden, Eda (2012). Discrete Time Analysis of Consolidated Transport Processes. KIT Scientific Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-3-86644-801-8.

[chaudhry-3] Chaudhry, M. L.; Templeton, James G. C. (1983). A first course in bulk queues. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-86260-4.

[berg-4] Berg, Menachem; van der Duyn Schouten, Frank; Jansen, Jorg (1998). "Optimal Batch Provisioning to Customers Subject to a Delay-Limit". Management Science. 44 (5): 684–697. doi:10.1287/mnsc.44.5.684. JSTOR 2634473.

[bailey-5] Bailey, Norman T. J. (1954). "On Queueing Processes with Bulk Service". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 61 (1): 80–87. JSTOR 2984011.

[6] Deb, Rajat K. (1978). "Optimal Dispatching of a Finite Capacity Shuttle". Management Science. 24 (13): 1362–1372. doi:10.1287/mnsc.24.13.1362. JSTOR 2630642.

[7] Glazer, A.; Hassin, R. (1987). "Equilibrium Arrivals in Queues with Bulk Service at Scheduled Times". Transportation Science. 21 (4): 273–278. doi:10.1287/trsc.21.4.273. JSTOR 25768286.

[8] Marcel F. Neuts (1967). "A General Class of Bulk Queues with Poisson Input" (PDF). The Annals of Mathematical Statistics. 38 (3): 759–770. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177698869. JSTOR 2238992.

[9] Henderson, W.; Taylor, P. G. (1990). "Product form in networks of queues with batch arrivals and batch services". Queueing Systems. 6: 71–87. doi:10.1007/BF02411466.

[10] Iglehart, Donald L.; Ward, Whitt (1970). "Multiple Channel Queues in Heavy Traffic. II: Sequences, Networks, and Batches" (PDF). Advances in Applied Probability. 2 (2): 355–369. doi:10.1017/s0001867800037435. JSTOR 1426324. Retrieved 30 Nov 2012.

[11] Harrison, P. G.; Hayden, R. A.; Knottenbelt, W. (2013). "Product-forms in batch networks: Approximation and asymptotics" (PDF). Performance Evaluation. 70 (10): 822. doi:10.1016/j.peva.2013.08.011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-09-04.

[12] Downton, F. (1955). "Waiting Time in Bulk Service Queues". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B. 17 (2). Royal Statistical Society: 256–261. JSTOR 2983959.

[13] Deb, Rajat K.; Serfozo, Richard F. (1973). "Optimal Control of Batch Service Queues". Advances in Applied Probability. 5 (2): 340–361. doi:10.2307/1426040. JSTOR 1426040.

[14] Medhi, Jyotiprasad (1975). "Waiting Time Distribution in a Poisson Queue with a General Bulk Service Rule". Management Science. 21 (7): 777–782. doi:10.1287/mnsc.21.7.777. JSTOR 2629773.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

v t e Queueing theory
Single queueing nodes	D/M/1 queue M/D/1 queue M/D/c queue M/M/1 queue Burke's theorem M/M/c queue M/M/∞ queue M/G/1 queue Pollaczek–Khinchine formula Matrix analytic method M/G/k queue G/M/1 queue G/G/1 queue Kingman's formula Lindley equation Fork–join queue Bulk queue
Arrival processes	Poisson point process Markovian arrival process Rational arrival process
Queueing networks	Jackson network Traffic equations Gordon–Newell theorem Mean value analysis Buzen's algorithm Kelly network G-network BCMP network
Service policies	FIFO LIFO Processor sharing Round-robin Shortest job next Shortest remaining time
Key concepts	Continuous-time Markov chain Kendall's notation Little's law Product-form solution Balance equation Quasireversibility Flow-equivalent server method Arrival theorem Decomposition method Beneš method
Limit theorems	Fluid limit Mean-field theory Heavy traffic approximation Reflected Brownian motion
Extensions	Fluid queue Layered queueing network Polling system Adversarial queueing network Loss network Retrial queue
Information systems	Data buffer Erlang (unit) Erlang distribution Flow control (data) Message queue Network congestion Network scheduler Pipeline (software) Quality of service Scheduling (computing) Teletraffic engineering
Category

v t e Stochastic processes
Discrete time	Bernoulli process Branching process Chinese restaurant process Galton–Watson process Independent and identically distributed random variables Markov chain Moran process Random walk Loop-erased Self-avoiding Biased Maximal entropy
Continuous time	Additive process Airy process Bessel process Birth–death process pure birth Brownian motion Bridge Dyson Excursion Fractional Geometric Meander Cauchy process Contact process Continuous-time random walk Cox process Diffusion process Empirical process Feller process Fleming–Viot process Gamma process Geometric process Hawkes process Hunt process Interacting particle systems Itô diffusion Itô process Jump diffusion Jump process Lévy process Local time Markov additive process McKean–Vlasov process Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process Poisson process Compound Non-homogeneous Quasimartingale Schramm–Loewner evolution Semimartingale Sigma-martingale Stable process Superprocess Telegraph process Variance gamma process Wiener process Wiener sausage
Both	Branching process Gaussian process Hidden Markov model (HMM) Markov process Martingale Differences Local Sub- Super- Random dynamical system Regenerative process Renewal process Stochastic chains with memory of variable length White noise
Fields and other	Dirichlet process Gaussian random field Gibbs measure Hopfield model Ising model Potts model Boolean network Markov random field Percolation Pitman–Yor process Point process Cox Determinantal Poisson Random field Random graph
Time series models	Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) model Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model Autoregressive (AR) model Autoregressive moving-average (ARMA) model Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) model Moving-average (MA) model
Financial models	Binomial options pricing model Black–Derman–Toy Black–Karasinski Black–Scholes Chan–Karolyi–Longstaff–Sanders (CKLS) Chen Constant elasticity of variance (CEV) Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) Garman–Kohlhagen Heath–Jarrow–Morton (HJM) Heston Ho–Lee Hull–White Korn-Kreer-Lenssen LIBOR market Rendleman–Bartter SABR volatility Vašíček Wilkie
Actuarial models	Bühlmann Cramér–Lundberg Risk process Sparre–Anderson
Queueing models	Bulk Fluid Generalized queueing network M/G/1 M/M/1 M/M/c
Properties	Càdlàg paths Continuous Continuous paths Ergodic Exchangeable Feller-continuous Gauss–Markov Markov Mixing Piecewise-deterministic Predictable Progressively measurable Self-similar Stationary Time-reversible
Limit theorems	Central limit theorem Donsker's theorem Doob's martingale convergence theorems Ergodic theorem Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem Large deviation principle Law of large numbers (weak/strong) Law of the iterated logarithm Maximal ergodic theorem Sanov's theorem Zero–one laws (Blumenthal, Borel–Cantelli, Engelbert–Schmidt, Hewitt–Savage, Kolmogorov, Lévy)
Inequalities	Burkholder–Davis–Gundy Doob's martingale Doob's upcrossing Kunita–Watanabe Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund
Tools	Cameron–Martin theorem Convergence of random variables Doléans-Dade exponential Doob decomposition theorem Doob–Meyer decomposition theorem Doob's optional stopping theorem Dynkin's formula Feynman–Kac formula Filtration Girsanov theorem Infinitesimal generator Itô integral Itô's lemma Kolmogorov continuity theorem Kolmogorov extension theorem Kosambi–Karhunen–Loève theorem Lévy–Prokhorov metric Malliavin calculus Martingale representation theorem Optional stopping theorem Prokhorov's theorem Quadratic variation Reflection principle Skorokhod integral Skorokhod's representation theorem Skorokhod space Snell envelope Stochastic differential equation Tanaka Stopping time/Hitting time Stratonovich integral Uniform integrability Usual hypotheses Wiener space Classical Abstract
Disciplines	Actuarial mathematics Control theory Econometrics Ergodic theory Extreme value theory (EVT) Large deviations theory Mathematical finance Mathematical statistics Probability theory Queueing theory Renewal theory Ruin theory Signal processing Statistics Stochastic analysis Time series analysis Machine learning
List of topics Category

Explore Black History

Civil Rights

Black Inventors

Sports

People

Places

Events

The MOVE Fire

Wilmington 1898 — An American Coup

MY'STORY

The MOVE Fire

Bulk queue

Kendall's notation

Bulk service

Bulk arrival

Waiting Time Distribution

References

Bulk queue

M/M/1 queue

M/M/c queue

M/G/1 queue

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

What prosperous Tulsa district became widely known as “Black Wall Street”?

Explore Black History

Civil Rights

Black Inventors

Sports

People

Places

Events

The MOVE Fire

Wilmington 1898 — An American Coup

The MOVE Fire

Bulk queue

Kendall's notation

Bulk service

Bulk arrival

Waiting Time Distribution

References

Bulk queue

M/M/1 queue

M/M/c queue

M/G/1 queue

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

What prosperous Tulsa district became widely known as “Black Wall Street”?

Have You Seen What Greenwood Built?

Pitching Man: Satchel Paige Defying Time