Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics) refers to the use of physical chemistry theory with computer and information science techniques—so called "in silico" techniques—in application to a range of descriptive and prescriptive problems in the field of chemistry, including in its applications to biology and related molecular fields. Such in silico techniques are used, for example, by pharmaceutical companies and in academic settings to aid and inform the process of drug discovery, for instance in the design of well-defined combinatorial libraries of synthetic compounds, or to assist in structure-based drug design. The methods can also be used in chemical and allied industries, and such fields as environmental science and pharmacology, where chemical processes are involved or studied.
The Journal of Cheminformatics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal that covers cheminformatics and molecular modelling. It was established in 2009 with David Wild (Indiana University) and Christoph Steinbeck (then at EMBL-EBI) as founding editors-in-chief, and was originally published by Chemistry Central. At the end of 2015, the Chemistry Central brand was retired and its titles, including Journal of Cheminformatics, were merged with the SpringerOpen portfolio of open access journals. As of 2016, the editors-in-chief are Rajarshi Guha (National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences) and Egon Willighagen (Maastricht University). The journal has issued a few special issues ("article collections") in 2011 and 2012, covering topics like PubChem3D, the Resource Description Framework, and the International Chemical Identifier. In June 2021 Willighagen announced his intention to step down at the end of the year, explaining in an open letter that the publisher Springer Nature was not sufficiently FAIR and open. Barbara Zdrazil started as editor in chief in 2022. With Rajarshi Guha stepping down at the end of 2025, the current two Editor-in-Chiefs are Barbara Zdrazil and Karina Martínez-Mayorga. Furthermore, the team of associate editors has grown to five editors.
Cheminformatics toolkits are notable software development kits that allow cheminformaticians to develop custom computer applications for use in virtual screening, chemical database mining, and structure-activity studies. Toolkits are often used for experimentation with new methodologies. Their most important functions deal with the manipulation of chemical structures and comparisons between structures. Programmatic access is provided to properties of individual bonds and atoms.
Aromaticity detection in cheminformatics refers to computational algorithms and models used to identify aromatic ring systems in molecular graphs. Unlike the chemical concept of aromaticity, which describes the special stability of certain cyclic conjugated systems, computational aromaticity is primarily a nomenclature and data representation concern. There is no single universally accepted aromaticity model in cheminformatics, and different software toolkits implement different algorithms, leading to inconsistent results for the same molecular structure.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.