Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985


Ciocia (pl. ciocie) is a kind of Italian footwear, now typically associated with the rural population of mountainous areas of Italy and the western Balkans. The traditional form of ciocie are made with large leather soles, tied to the leg by straps (strenghe or curiole) bound between the ankle and the knee. Rather than socks, a large piece of loose cloth (pezza, pl. pezze) was placed around the feet, ankles, and calves under the ciocie.
Ciocia is the name for the footwear used in Rome and northern Lazio, where it is pronounced [ˈtʃɔːʃa]. In Marche and Abruzzo, the same footwear is called chioca, pronounced [ˈkjɔːka]; in Abruzzo, it is also known as chiochiera ([ˈkjɔːkjərə]); around Minturno, ciòcero ([ˈtʃɔːʃərə]); in Campania, sciòscio ([ˈʃɔʃʃə]); and in southern Lazio, Colli Albani, and the Mezzogiorno generally, zampitto ([dzamˈpittə]). Most of these names probably derive from the Latin soccus,[citation needed] a kind of ancient Anatolian slipper popularized as part of the typical costume in Ancient Greek comedy. The form worn in the western Balkans is known as opanci.
Under the early Roman Empire, socci were considered effeminate but their use became widespread before the reign of Diocletian. The long pointed toe may represent the legacy of the Etruscan calceus repandus[1] or a continuation of the medieval pigache or poulaine trends. Combined with long straps binding the shoe to the leg, the ciocia became so common among poor peasants and shepherds in central and southern Italy that it gave rise to the term ciociari ("ciocia-wearers"), used in Central Italian dialects to mean poor country folk or bumpkins.[2][1] Although this is now a pejorative term, 19th-century Romantic painters and poets celebrated the ciocie and the peasants' typically colorful cloths. Similar footwear is common in the countryside of Kosovo and Northern Macedonia.[citation needed]
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Ciocia (pl. ciocie) is a kind of Italian footwear, now typically associated with the rural population of mountainous areas of Italy and the western Balkans. The traditional form of ciocie are made with large leather soles, tied to the leg by straps (strenghe or curiole) bound between the ankle and the knee. Rather than socks, a large piece of loose cloth (pezza, pl. pezze) was placed around the feet, ankles, and calves under the ciocie.
Stasia may be: An informal name for the Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius A diminutive for a Polish feminine first name Stanisława A diminutive for a Polish feminine first name Anastazja or for Russian/Belarusian/Ukrainian Anastasia. "Ciocia Stasia" (Stanisława Dorobczyk-Bałucka) from Polish TV series Klan
Alicja Henryka Abczyńska (married name Kaltenberg-Abczyńska; 9 February 1900, Malkowicze – 26 May 1989), codename Ciocia Stasia (Auntie Stasia), was a Polish nurse and member of the Polish resistance. During the Warsaw Uprising, Abczyńska was a member of the Home Army Zośka Battalion in Old Town. Taken prisoner on 2 September 1944, Abczyńska was initially transported to Flossenbürg concentration camp before being transferred Ravensbrück. Abczyńska remained at Ravensbrück until the camp was liberated on 28 April 1945. Abczyńska was awarded the Warsaw Uprising Cross, the Order of Polonia Restituta, the Auschwitz Cross, the Medal of Victory and Freedom and the Odznaka Grunwaldzka. On 26 May 1989, Abczyńska died in Warsaw and was buried at the Evangelical Augsburg Cemetery.
Tim O'Brien (born October 1, 1946) is an American author who served as a soldier in the Vietnam War. Much of his writing is about wartime Vietnam, and his work later in life often explores the postwar lives of its veterans. O'Brien is perhaps best known for his book The Things They Carried (1990), a collection of linked semi-autobiographical short stories inspired by his wartime experiences. It was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and a 2006 New York Times poll named it one of the best works of American fiction of the last twenty-five years. In 2010, the paper described it as "a classic of contemporary war fiction". His war novel Going After Cacciato (1978) was awarded the National Book Award. O'Brien taught creative writing, holding the endowed chair at the MFA program of Texas State University–San Marcos every other academic year from 2003 to 2012.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.