Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Clawson Roop | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 3rd Director of the Bureau of the Budget | |
| In office August 15, 1929 – March 3, 1933 | |
| President | Herbert Hoover |
| Preceded by | Herbert Lord |
| Succeeded by | Lewis Douglas |
| Personal details | |
| Born | James Clawson Roop October 3, 1888 Upland, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
| Died | January 23, 1972 (aged 83) Fairfield, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Party | Republican |
| Education | University of Pennsylvania (BS) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Rank |  Brigadier General |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
James Clawson Roop (October 3, 1888 – January 23, 1972) was director of the United States Bureau of the Budget (now the Office of Management and Budget) from August 15, 1929, to March 3, 1933, during the administration of President Herbert Hoover.[1]
Born in Upland, Pennsylvania, Roop attended the University of Pennsylvania. He was an engineer officer in World War I and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel during World War II, and later he served as Brigadier General. President Herbert Hoover, on the resignation of Herbert Lord, appointed Roop as U.S. Director of Bureau of the Budget, a post he held from August 15, 1929, until March 4, 1933.[1]
He died on January 23, 1972, in Fairfield, Connecticut, at the age of 83.[1]
Former U.S. Budget Director Hoover Appointee Was Later Named to Executive Posts by Pan American Airways. James Clawson Roop, director of the budget under President Hoover and later treasurer and vice president of Pan American ...
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| National | |
  | This article relating to the history of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by adding missing information. |
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James Clawson Roop (October 3, 1888 – January 23, 1972) was director of the United States Bureau of the Budget (now the Office of Management and Budget) from August 15, 1929, to March 3, 1933, during the administration of President Herbert Hoover.
Roop or ROOP may refer to:
George Pratt Shultz ( SHUULTS; December 13, 1920 – February 6, 2021) was an American economist, businessman, diplomat, and statesman who served in various positions under presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan. A member of the Republican Party, he is one of only two persons to have held four different Cabinet-level posts, the other being Elliot Richardson. As the 60th United States secretary of state, Shultz played a major role in shaping the foreign policy of the Reagan administration, and conservative foreign policy thought thereafter. Born in New York City, Shultz grew up in Englewood, New Jersey. After graduating from Princeton University, he served in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. After the war, Shultz earned a Doctor of Philosophy in industrial economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He taught at MIT from 1948 to 1957, taking a leave of absence in 1955 to take a position on President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers. After serving as dean of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business, he accepted President Nixon's appointment as United States Secretary of Labor. As secretary of Labor, Shultz imposed the Philadelphia Plan on construction contractors who refused to accept black members, marking the first use of racial quotas by the federal government. In 1970, he became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget, and he served in that position until his appointment as United States Secretary of the Treasury in 1972. In that role, Shultz supported the Nixon shock, which sought to revive the ailing economy in part by abolishing the gold standard, and presided over the end of the Bretton Woods system. Shultz left Nixon's administration in May 1974 to become an executive at Bechtel. After becoming president and director of that company, he accepted President Reagan's offer to serve as secretary of state, holding that office from 1982 to 1989. Shultz pushed for Reagan to establish relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, which led to a thaw between the United States and the Soviet Union. He opposed the U.S. aid to Contras trying to overthrow the Sandinistas by using funds from an illegal sale of weapons to Iran. This aid led to the Iran–Contra affair. Shultz retired from public office in 1989, upon the end of his tenure as secretary of State, but remained active in business and politics. He had already been an executive of the Bechtel Group, an engineering and services company, from 1974 to 1982. Shultz served as an informal adviser to George W. Bush and helped formulate the Bush Doctrine of preemptive war. He served on the Global Commission on Drug Policy, California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger's Economic Recovery Council, and on the boards of Bechtel and the Charles Schwab Corporation. Beginning in 2013, Shultz advocated for a revenue-neutral carbon fee and dividend as the most economically sound means of mitigating anthropogenic climate change. He was a member of the Hoover Institution, the Institute for International Economics, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and other groups. Shultz was also a board member of Theranos, with his grandson Tyler Shultz working at the company before becoming a whistleblower about its fraudulent technology. Shultz died at the age of 100 in February 2021.
Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951) was the 30th vice president of the United States from 1925 to 1929 under President Calvin Coolidge. He was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925 for his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations, and a member of the Republican Party. Born in Marietta, Ohio, Dawes attended Cincinnati Law School before beginning a legal career in Lincoln, Nebraska. After serving as a gas plant executive, he managed William McKinley's 1896 presidential campaign in Illinois. After the election, McKinley appointed Dawes as the Comptroller of the Currency. He remained in that position until 1901 before forming the Central Trust Company of Illinois. Dawes served as a general during World War I and was the chairman of the general purchasing board for the American Expeditionary Forces. In 1921, President Warren G. Harding appointed Dawes as the first director of the Bureau of the Budget. Dawes served on the Allied Reparations Commission, where he helped formulate the Dawes Plan to aid the struggling German economy. The 1924 Republican National Convention nominated President Calvin Coolidge without opposition. After former governor of Illinois Frank O. Lowden declined the vice-presidential nomination, the convention chose Dawes as Coolidge's running mate. The Republican ticket won the 1924 presidential election, and Dawes was sworn in as vice president in 1925. Dawes helped pass the McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill in Congress, but President Coolidge vetoed it. Dawes was a candidate for renomination at the 1928 Republican National Convention, but Coolidge's opposition to Dawes helped ensure that Charles Curtis was nominated instead. In 1929, President Herbert Hoover appointed Dawes to be the ambassador to the United Kingdom. Dawes also briefly led the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which organized a government response to the Great Depression. He resigned from that position in 1932 to return to banking, and died in 1951 of coronary thrombosis.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Madam C.J. Walker
