Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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|---|---|
| Developers | DEC, Microsoft, IBM, TSL, DR, Novell, Toshiba, ReactOS Contributors |
| Operating system | RT-11, DOS, MSX-DOS, FlexOS, PC-MOS, SISNE plus, OS/2, Windows, ReactOS, SymbOS, DexOS |
| Platform | Cross-platform |
| Type | Command |
| License | PC-MOS: GPL v3 ReactOS: GPL v2 |
In computing, CLS (for clear screen) is a command used by the command-line interpreters COMMAND.COM and cmd.exe on DOS, Digital Research FlexOS,[1] IBM OS/2,[2] Microsoft Windows[3] and ReactOS operating systems to clear the screen or console window of commands and any output generated by them. It does not clear the user's history of commands, however.
The command is also available in the DEC RT-11 operating system, in the open-source MS-DOS emulator DOSBox and in the EFI shell.[4] In other environments, such as Linux and Unix, the same functionality is provided by the clear command.
The command is available in MS-DOS versions 2 (1983) and later.[5] While the ultimate origins of using the three-character string CLS as the command to clear the screen likely predate Microsoft's use, this command was present before its MS-DOS usage, in the embedded ROM BASIC dialects Microsoft wrote for early 8-bit microcomputers (such as TRS-80 Color BASIC), where it served the same purpose. The MS-DOS dialects of BASIC written by Microsoft, BASICA and GW-BASIC, also have the CLS command as a BASIC keyword - as do various non-Microsoft implementations of BASIC such as Sinclair BASIC (1980), or BBC BASIC found on the BBC Micro computers (1981). The CLS command is also present in BASIC versions for Microsoft Windows, however this generally clears text printed on the form, rather than the whole window or controls on the form.
The command CLS has appeared as a clear screen command in many other BASIC dialects and command line interpreters, because of its familiarity through being included in MS-DOS.
The Software Link's PC-MOS includes an implementation of CLS.[6] Like the rest of the operating system, it is licensed under the GPL v3.[7]
DR DOS also includes an implementation of the CLS command.[8]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In computing, CLS (for clear screen) is a command used by the command-line interpreters COMMAND.COM and cmd.exe on DOS, Digital Research FlexOS, IBM OS/2, Microsoft Windows and ReactOS operating systems to clear the screen or console window of commands and any output generated by them. It does not clear the user's history of commands, however. The command is also available in the DEC RT-11 operating system, in the open-source MS-DOS emulator DOSBox and in the EFI shell. In other environments, such as Linux and Unix, the same functionality is provided by the clear command.
Lighthouse is an open-source, automated tool for measuring the quality of web pages developed by Google. It can be run against any web page, public or requiring authentication. Lighthouse audits performance, accessibility, and search engine optimization factors of web pages, which is the major difference from Google PageSpeed, as Lighthouse provides more detailed technical information. It also includes the ability to test progressive web applications for compliance with standards and best practices. Lighthouse aims to help web developers; the tool can be run using a Chrome browser extension or via the terminal (command line) for batch auditing a list of URLs. Google's recommendation is to use the online version of PageSpeed Insights as of 15 May 2015. Lighthouse [Version 10 - May 2023] includes a metric for Progressive Web Applications to ensure that PWAs are fast, reliable, installable, and optimized for modern mobile technology. Lighthouse can audit webpages in both desktop and mobile versions. In command line mode, developers are able to select specific factors to audit and configure other options using arguments. Recent versions of Lighthouse offer insights into how to optimize the Core Web Vitals metrics, which serve as user experience and performance signals used by Google's search algorithm to rank pages, as announced by Google engineer Addy Osmani in 2021. Google uses three primary parameters to measure Core Web Vitals compliance: Largest Contentful Paint (LCP): Measures loading performance, targeting the point when the page's main content has likely loaded. Cumulative Layout Shift (CLS): Measures visual stability by detecting unexpected layout shifts during the page lifecycle. Interaction to Next Paint (INP): Measures overall user interaction responsiveness. On 10 May 2023, Google announced that INP would replace the older First Input Delay (FID) metric to capture the total time taken for all user interactions rather than just the first one. This change officially went into effect in March 2024. Lighthouse also calculates Total Blocking Time (TBT), which serves as an excellent lab proxy for evaluating responsiveness issues during page loading.
COMMAND.COM is the default command-line interpreter for MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows Me. In the case of DOS, it is the default user interface as well. It has an additional role as the usual first program run after boot (init process). As a shell, COMMAND.COM has two distinct modes of operation: interactive mode and batch mode. Internal commands are commands stored directly inside the COMMAND.COM binary; thus, they are always available, but can only be executed directly from the command interpreter.
alias is a shell command that defines a word that the shell replaces with associated text before interpreting a command line. It is often used to enhance productivity by abbreviating a command or for including commonly used arguments with a command. The command is available in Unix shells, AmigaDOS, 4DOS/4NT, FreeDOS, KolibriOS, PowerShell, ReactOS, EFI shell, and IBM i. Aliasing functionality in MS-DOS and Command Prompt is provided by the DOSKEY command. Since aliases are defined only for a shell session, regularly used aliases are often defined in a session startup shell script such as .bashrc. The alias commands may either be written in the config script directly or sourced from a separate file. Aliases were introduced in the C shell to survive in descendant shells such as tcsh and bash. As these aliases were limited to one line they were useful for creating relatively simple shortcut commands, but not more complex constructs. Older versions of the Bourne shell did not offer aliases, but did provide functions, which are more powerful than the csh alias. Eventually, the csh alias was implemented in the bash and ksh shells. With shells that support both functions and aliases but no parameterized inline shell scripts, the use of functions wherever possible is recommended. Nonetheless, aliases are necessary where chained aliases are required.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
