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This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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Wikipedia

Code page 949 (IBM)

IBM code page 949
Layout of the IBM-949 code page
Alias(es)
  • IBM-949, x-IBM949
  • ASCII-based: IBM-949C, x-IBM949C, cp949c
  • Ambiguous with UHC: 949, cp949
LanguageKorean
Created byIBM
ClassificationExtended ISO 646, variable-width encoding, CJK encoding
ExtendsEUC-KR
Preceded byCode page 944

IBM code page 949 (IBM-949) is a character encoding which has been used by IBM to represent Korean language text on computers. It is a variable-width encoding which represents the characters from the Wansung code defined by the South Korean standard KS X 1001 in a format compatible with EUC-KR, but adds IBM extensions for additional hanja, additional precomposed Hangul syllables, and user-defined characters.

Giving values in hexadecimal, bytes 0x00 through 0x7F are used for single byte KS X 1003 (ISO 646:KR) characters, a similar set to ASCII but with a won sign rather than a backslash. Bytes 0x80 through 0x84 are used for IBM single byte extension characters. Lead bytes 0x8F through 0xA0 are used for IBM double byte extension characters. Lead bytes 0xA1 through 0xFE are used for Wansung code (KS X 1001 characters in EUC-KR form, double byte), but with some unused space opened up for user-defined use.

Although both are sometimes named "cp949", IBM-949 is different from Windows code page 949 (IBM-1363), which is Microsoft's Unified Hangul Code, a different extension of EUC-KR. It should also not be confused with IBM's implementation of plain EUC-KR (IBM-970). Code page 949 in OS/2 is the IBM code page; however, a third-party patch exists to change this.[1]

Terminology and encoding labelling

[edit]

Both IBM-949 and Unified Hangul Code (Windows-949) are known as "code page 949" (or "cp949") although they share only the EUC-KR subset in common. Neither has a standardised IANA-registered label to identify it. Although UHC is included in the WHATWG Encoding Standard,[2] with labels including "windows-949",[3] IBM-949 is not. IBM-949 therefore is not permitted in HTML5.

Although the meaning of the label "ibm-949" (and conversely "windows-949" and "ms949") is unambiguous where these labels are supported, the interpretation of the encoding labels "949" and "cp949" consequently varies between implementations. For example, International Components for Unicode uses "cp949", "949", "ibm-949" and "x-IBM949" to refer to IBM-949,[4] and additionally the labels "cp949c", "ibm-949c" and "x-IBM949C" to refer to a variant which uses unmodified ASCII mappings for 0x20–7E (resulting in duplicate mappings for the backslash),[5] while (of the labels incorporating the code page number 949) only "ms949" and "windows-949" are assigned to UHC.[6] This is in contrast to Python, which recognises both "cp949" and "949" (in addition to the more explicit "ms949" and "uhc", but not "windows-949") as labels for UHC, and does not include an IBM-949 codec.[7] The code page 949 used by Korean language versions of OS/2 is the IBM code page; to add support for the entire Unicode set of Korean syllables, a third-party patch exists to replace it with the Microsoft code page.[1]

IBM-949 is a variable width encoding defined as the combination of two fixed-width code pages, the single-byte Code page 1088 and the double-byte Code page 951.[8][9][10]

History

[edit]

A version of Code page 951 (a DBCS-PC, i.e. double-byte non-EUC non-EBCDIC, code), the double-byte component for IBM-949, is defined in the September 1992 revision of IBM Corporate Specification C-H 3-3220-125, along with Code page 834 (a DBCS-Host, i.e. double-byte EBCDIC, code), which is the double byte component of Code page 933.[11] This version of Code page 949/951 considered the entire lead byte range 0x8F–A0 to be a user-defined region, and included only standard Wansung assignments and user-defined areas, thus not including some characters which Code page 933/834 included.[11] Some later versions, such as that implemented by International Components for Unicode (ICU), shrink the user-defined region to include these characters as extensions.[12]

IBM code pages 934 and 944
LanguageKorean
ExtendsN-byte Hangul Code
Transforms / EncodesCode page 933
Succeeded byIBM code page 949

The earlier October 1989 revision of C-H 3-3220-125 had instead defined Code page 926 as its DBCS-PC code, which encoded the same characters as IBM-834 in a layout differing from both IBM-951 and IBM-834, which had a different lead byte range and was not an EUC-KR extension.[11] IBM-926 was combined with Code page 891 or Code page 1040 (respectively 8-bit N-byte Hangul Code and an extension thereof; compare how Shift JIS extends 8-bit JIS X 0201) to form IBM-934 or IBM-944 respectively.[13][14]

Code page 944/926 are now deprecated in favour of IBM-949. The 1992 revision designates code page 926 as "restricted" ("limited to the particular environment for which [it is] registered") and does not give its chart or mappings from the other code pages,[11] and CCSID 944 is categorised as "coexistence and migration"[14] (contrast "interoperable" for CCSID 949).[8] International Components for Unicode includes Unicode mappings for IBM-949[4][12] and IBM-933, but its IBM-944 mapping was removed in 2001.[15]

Single byte codes

[edit]
IBM code page 949 (single byte component: 1088)[16][17][4][5][12]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0x NUL ┌ ┐ └ ┘ │ ─ • ◘ ○ ◙ ♂ ♀ ♪ ♫ ☼
1x ┼ ◄ ↕ ‼ ┴ ┬ ┤ ↑ ├ → ← ∟ ↔ ▲ ▼
2x  SP  ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /
3x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
4x @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
5x P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ₩ ] ^ _
6x ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
7x p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ ⌂
8x ¢ ¬ \ ‾ ¦ 8F
9x 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F
Ax A0 1-_ 2-_ 3-_ 4-_ 5-_ 6-_ 7-_ 8-_ 9-_ 10-_ 11-_ 12-_ 13-_ 14-_ 15-_
Bx 16-_ 17-_ 18-_ 19-_ 20-_ 21-_ 22-_ 23-_ 24-_ 25-_ 26-_ 27-_ 28-_ 29-_ 30-_ 31-_
Cx 32-_ 33-_ 34-_ 35-_ 36-_ 37-_ 38-_ 39-_ 40-_ 41-_ 42-_ 43-_ 44-_ 45-_ 46-_ 47-_
Dx 48-_ 49-_ 50-_ 51-_ 52-_ 53-_ 54-_ 55-_ 56-_ 57-_ 58-_ 59-_ 60-_ 61-_ 62-_ 63-_
Ex 64-_ 65-_ 66-_ 67-_ 68-_ 69-_ 70-_ 71-_ 72-_ 73-_ 74-_ 75-_ 76-_ 77-_ 78-_ 79-_
Fx 80-_ 81-_ 82-_ 83-_ 84-_ 85-_ 86-_ 87-_ 88-_ 89-_ 90-_ 91-_ 92-_ 93-_ 94-_
  Differences from code page 437 (for 0x00–7F) or EUC-KR (for 0x80–FF)

Double byte codes

[edit]

Lead bytes 0x8F–99, 0xC9, 0xFE (user-defined ranges)

[edit]

IBM-949 is designed to support a maximum of 1880 UDC (user-defined characters),[8] including the user-defined rows (lead bytes 0xC9 and 0xFE) of the Wansung plane, and ranges outside the Wansung plane. In this version, the lead bytes 0x8F–A0 contain a maximum of 1692 UDC, and lead bytes 0xC9 and 0xFE contain a maximum of 94 each (i.e. with trail bytes 0xA1–FE).[11] However, when the extensions to support the entire double-byte repertoire of IBM-933 are implemented, they use lead bytes 0x9A–A0, resulting in a smaller maximum number of characters left for user definition.[4][12]

When mapped to Unicode, 0xC9A1–C9FE (between the syllable and hanja ranges) are mapped to the Unicode Private Use Area code points U+E000–E05D, while 0xFEA1–FEFE (between the end of the hanja range and the end of the plane) are mapped to U+E05E–E0BB. Outside the Wansung plane, 0x8FA0–9AA5 (where the second byte is in the range 0xA1–FE) are mapped to the Private Use Area code points U+E0BC–E4CA.[4] The last of these ranges cuts into the start of the 0x9A row (shown below).

Collectively these private use ranges cover the code points U+E000–E4CA, allowing 1227 UDC to be mapped from IBM-949 to Unicode.[12] The separate private use area range U+F843–F86E is used by IBM to map some characters within the extended hanja range.[12] This follows early recommendations from the Unicode Consortium that corporate characters be allocated from U+F8FF downward and user-defined characters be allocated from U+E000 upward,[18] and is part of a larger corporate private use area scheme which is defined internally by IBM, and uses the range U+F83D–F8FF.[19][20]

Lead bytes 0x9A–9D (extended symbols and hanja)

[edit]

According to the 1992 specification, this entire range is user-defined.[11] As implemented in the codec contributed to ICU by IBM, however, 0x9AA1 through 0x9AA5 are the end of the user-defined range. The remainder of this range includes some non-Hangul characters included in Code page 933 but not in Wansung code. 0x9AA6 through 0x9AAB contain miscellaneous technical or mathematical symbols. The remainder contains hanja additional to those included in KS X 1001, although some are mapped by IBM to the Private Use Area.[12]

IBM code page 949 (extended symbols and hanja)[12][22]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
9AAx ǂ[a] ≦ ≧ K ￤ ʺ 喀 擱 羯 酣
9ABx 醵 骼 蒹 哽 扃 檠 熲 畊 稧 雞 杲 瞽 詁 栱 槓 箜
9ACx 蝌 霍 盥 鸛 鉸 佝 傴 媾 嫗 晷 甌 覯 颶 掬 跪 巹
9ADx 漌 岌 笈 覇 鰭 唜 糯 喃 曩 迺 佞 獰 孥 鬧 靼 怛
9AEx 闥 韃 党 蟷 碓 菟 咄 垌 肚 蚪 滕 灯 鐙 犖 幱 埓
9AFx 榔 涼 魎 癘 膂 蠡 鑢 櫟 鬣 昤 泠 苓 蛉 潦 艫
9BAx 轤 漉 祿 轆 籟 蕾 誄 寥 僂 髏 窿 凛 廩 提 漓
9BBx 离 螭 魑 痳 岦 媽 蟇 謾 鏝 鬘 魍 眛 苺 脉 俛 耄
9BCx 鉾 濛 矇 瀰 糜 閩 婆 欂 牔 胖 髣 魴 潘 翻 辟 汴
9BDx 辮 遍 駢 彆 迸 鴇 黼 蝠 丰 葑 仆 罘 苻 蜉 頫 鮒
9BEx 吟 蕡 巿 髴 黻 妣 沙 沘 睥 篦 腓 轡 髀 擯 蘋 贇
9BFx 顰 鬢 姒 麝 楂 槎 笥 槊 鑠 歃 鍤 霎 殤 鰓 噬
9CAx 婿 齟 射 單 尠 愃 洗 燹 霰 偰 契 挈 艘 霄 蟀
9CBx 瑣 叟 宿 晬 溲 祟 雎 鶉 虱 啻 寺 緦 矧 瑟 萼 贋
9CCx 鴈 戞 遏 嵒 諳 黯 鞅 欸 皚 礙 靉 阨 射 篛 籥 羘
9CDx 敔 恚 射 羨 臙 蠕 讌 塩 饜 嬰 睨 翳 蕋 遨 媼 薀
9CEx 鰮 蕘 舂 蛹 吁 熨 蜿 幃 衞 囿 帷 蕤 黝 鬻 檼 珢
9CFx 齦 挹 栮 頣 仞 眥 粢 耔 觜 赭 柞 潜 蚕 嶂 瘴
9DAx 装 纔 柢 蛆 豬 糴 囀 巓 磚 翦 窃 椄 梃 晢 瑅
9DBx 踶 吊 噪 皁 竈 笊 糶 絛 鯛 樅 蹤 蔟 肘 隼 則 証
9DCx 痣 湌 慚 刱[b] 悵 氅 簀 蜴 躑 濺 簷 蜻 砌 靆 峭 綃
9DDx 鈔 鞘 數 躅 髑 怱 葱 摧 槌 甃 箒 鞦 麁 麤 杻 舳
9DEx 冲 橇 贅 巵 徴 鵄 忱 拆 橐 駄 幀 蝙 庖 炮 舖 鉋
9DFx 鞄 分 蓖 蹕 瘧 邯 鷳 炕 廨 慊 篋 陜 皞 醐 鶻

Lead bytes 0x9E–A0 (extended hanja and hangul syllables)

[edit]

According to the 1992 specification, this entire range is user-defined.[11] As implemented in the codec contributed to ICU by IBM, 0x9EA1 through 0x9EAC contain the remainder of the extended hanja. The rest of the range contains a few additional Hangul syllables which are not available in pre-composed form in pure EUC-KR. Unlike Unified Hangul Code, this is insufficient to support all non-partial Johab syllables absent in Wansung code.[12]

Significant amongst these are 뢔 (0x9EFC), 쌰 (0x9FE6), 쎼 (0x9FED), 쓔 (0x9FF3) and 쬬 (0xA0C1), which correspond to the beginnings of the standard Wansung characters 뢨, 썅, 쏀, 쓩, and 쭁 respectively, when partly entered in an input method editor.

IBM code page 949 (extended hanja and hangul syllables)[12]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
9EAx 鑊 圜 懽 鬟 媓 怳 囂 猴 篌 忻 迄 頡 갂 갋 걹
9EBx 겇 겓 곩 곺 괙 괨 괫 궛 귕 귬 긂 긏 긑 긧 긼 깄
9ECx 깉 깢 꺠 꼄 꼳 꽌 꽘 꽛 꽨 꾓 꾲 꾿 꿘 꿧 뀍 뀡
9EDx 끠 낐 낻 냬 넏 넞 녇 녓 녙 녯 녺 놧 놰 눳 늧 닁
9EEx 닑 닠 댱 댸 덨 덪 뎜 돓 됀 됏 됬 둗 둿 뒴 듁 듧
9EFx 딮 딲 딷 딿 땨 떄 뗴 뚀 뚸 뜌 럐 렏 뢔 룜 뤗
9FAx 릐 맟 맻 먜 멫 멭 몀 몯 뫃 뫠 믁 믕 믜 믠 밎
9FBx 밨 밷 뱜 뱨 벘 벜 벹 볌 볒 볓 볔 봣 붗 붴 븘 븡
9FCx 븨 빋 뺜 뺴 뻭 뻰 뻴 뻿 뼤 뽜 뽸 뿀 뿕 뿝 뿨 쀄
9FDx 쀠 쁙 쁴 삮 삷 삻 샃 샇 샏 섥 섿 셑 셗 솓 솻 슌
9FEx 슳 싀 싦 쌂 쌋 쌧 쌰 썃 썌 썻 쎅 쎙 쎠 쎼 쏼 쐿
9FFx 쑷 쒓 쓓 쓔 씼 씿 앏 앟 얐 얫 얶 엱 엳 옝 옫
A0Ax 옺 욷 웟 윋 윶 읻 잧 잪 젇 젔 젛 젹 졋 좐 좜
A0Bx 좠 좬 좰 좸 죨 죰 죱 줫 쥭 즤 짔 쨰 쩗 쩰 쪗 쪠
A0Cx 쫒 쬬 쮀 쯥 쯰 찟 찦 찯 찿 챂 챱 챼 쳣 쳥 쵀 췃
A0Dx 츼 칻 캗 캩 컈 컽 켙 쾍 쾐 쾟 쾬 쾽 킈 턔 텠 텩
A0Ex 퉷 튓 틍 틧 팊 팦 퍙 퍠 펲 펵 폇 퐤 풰 퓩 픅 픐
A0Fx 픙 픠 픤 핟 핡 핬 핱 햬 헏 혬 횩 횸 훕 휌 흭

Lead bytes 0xA1–C8, 0xCA–FD (standard Wansung)

[edit]
Further information: KS X 1001 § Wansung code charts

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ This is not included for IPA support. Rather, in Code page 933, SO 0x4160 is a not-equals sign displayed with a slash, while IBM-933 SO 0x418D is one displayed with a backslash (i.e. =⃥).[11] Although it is IBM-933 SO 0x4160 which is mapped to the usual not-equals GCGID SA540080 (fullwidth of SA540000), it is IBM-933 SO 0x418D which is mapped to EUC-KR and IBM-949 0xA1C1,[11] due to the reference glyph for the not-equals sign in KS C 5601-1987 also showing it with a backslash.[23] Hence, U+2260, which is mapped to EUC-KR and therefore IBM-949 0xA1C1, is mapped to IBM-933 SO 0x418D, leaving IBM-933 SO 0x4160 (and therefore IBM-949 0x9AA6) to be mapped to the visually similar character at U+01C2.[24]
  2. ^ The mapping from IBM is U+5231 刱, but the glyph in the IBM document C-H 3-3220-125 1992-09 is closer to U+5259 剙 (host code 62D5).[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Borgendale, Ken. "OS/2 Codepage and Keyboard Display Tools".
  2. ^ van Kesteren, Anne, "5. Indexes (§ index EUC-KR)", Encoding Standard, WHATWG, This matches the KS X 1001 standard and the Unified Hangul Code, more commonly known together as Windows Codepage 949.
  3. ^ van Kesteren, Anne. "4.2. Names and labels". Encoding Standard. WHATWG.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Converter Explorer: ibm-949_P110-1999 (alias x-IBM949)", International Components for Unicode, Unicode Consortium
  5. ^ a b "Converter Explorer: ibm-949_P11A-1999 (alias x-IBM949C)", International Components for Unicode, Unicode Consortium. This is the ASCII-based version of IBM-949.
  6. ^ "windows-949-2000", Converter Explorer, International Components for Unicode
  7. ^ "codecs — Codec registry and base classes § Standard Encodings". Python 3.7.2 documentation. Python Software Foundation.
  8. ^ a b c "Coded character set identifiers: CCSID 949". IBM Globalization. IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  9. ^ "CCSID 1088 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-26.
  10. ^ "Code page 951 information document". Archived from the original on 2017-01-16.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "IBM Korean Graphic Character Set: DBCS-Host and DBCS-PC" (PDF). IBM. 2001 [1992]. C-H 3-3220-125 1992-09.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-949_P110-1999.ucm, 2002-12-03
  13. ^ "Coded character set identifiers: CCSID 934". IBM Globalization. IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-12-02.
  14. ^ a b "Coded character set identifiers: CCSID 944". IBM Globalization. IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-12-01.
  15. ^ Viswanadha, Ram (2001-11-01). "ICU-1281 Remove unwanted ucmfiles". International Components for Unicode.
  16. ^ Code Page CPGID 01088 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
  17. ^ Code Page CPGID 01088 (txt), IBM
  18. ^ "2.0: Changes in Unicode 1.0" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 1.1. Unicode Consortium. pp. 3–4. UTR #4.
  19. ^ a b "CPGID 01449: IBM default PUA". IBM Globalization: Code page identifiers. IBM. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. IBM has designated 195 positions from U+F83D to U+F8FF for use as IBM Corporate-zone and intends to use them consistently within IBM whenever there is a need to maintain the round-trip integrity of IBM characters.
  20. ^ IBM (1997). unicode.nam: Allow the Unicode characters to be specified using either the IBM or PostScript like names. (Included with Borgendale, Ken, OS/2 Codepage and Keyboard Display Tools)
  21. ^ "ibm-933_P110-1995.ucm". International Components for Unicode.
  22. ^ Private Use Area mapped hanja are identified from code charts. The IBM document C-H 3-3220-125 1992-09 gives code charts for the code pages used as the double-byte components for Code page 933 and an older version of Code page 949 without these extensions; however, the hanja in this section correspond to (and are in the same order as) the subset of table 7 for which a "PC Code" is not listed.[11] The Corporate Private Use Area mappings are also co-ordinated with other code pages,[19] including Code page 933,[21] which can be used to obtain the "Host Code" for a given Corporate Private Use Area mapping.
  23. ^ Korea Bureau of Standards (1988-10-01). Korean Graphic Character Set for Information Interchange (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-149.
  24. ^ "ibm-933_P110-1995 (lead bytes 0E41)". Converter Explorer. International Components for Unicode.

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

Wikipedia

Code page 949 (IBM)

IBM code page 949 (IBM-949) is a character encoding which has been used by IBM to represent Korean language text on computers. It is a variable-width encoding which represents the characters from the Wansung code defined by the South Korean standard KS X 1001 in a format compatible with EUC-KR, but adds IBM extensions for additional hanja, additional precomposed Hangul syllables, and user-defined characters. Giving values in hexadecimal, bytes 0x00 through 0x7F are used for single byte KS X 1003 (ISO 646:KR) characters, a similar set to ASCII but with a won sign rather than a backslash. Bytes 0x80 through 0x84 are used for IBM single byte extension characters. Lead bytes 0x8F through 0xA0 are used for IBM double byte extension characters. Lead bytes 0xA1 through 0xFE are used for Wansung code (KS X 1001 characters in EUC-KR form, double byte), but with some unused space opened up for user-defined use. Although both are sometimes named "cp949", IBM-949 is different from Windows code page 949 (IBM-1363), which is Microsoft's Unified Hangul Code, a different extension of EUC-KR. It should also not be confused with IBM's implementation of plain EUC-KR (IBM-970). Code page 949 in OS/2 is the IBM code page; however, a third-party patch exists to change this.

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Wikipedia

Code page

In computing, a code page is a character encoding and as such it is a specific association of a set of (identifiers for) printable and non-printable characters with unique numbers ("code points"). Typically each number represents the binary value in a single byte. (In some contexts these terms are used more precisely; see Character encoding § Terminology.) The term "code page" originated from IBM's EBCDIC-based mainframe systems, but Microsoft, SAP, and Oracle Corporation are among the vendors that use this term. The majority of vendors identify their own character sets by a name. In the case when there is a plethora of character sets (like in IBM), identifying character sets through a number is a convenient way to distinguish them. Originally, the code page numbers referred to the page numbers in the IBM standard character set manual, a condition which has not held for a long time. Vendors that use a code page system allocate their own code page number to a character encoding, even if it is better known by another name; for example, UTF-8 has been assigned page numbers 1208 at IBM, 65001 at Microsoft, and 4110 at SAP. Hewlett-Packard uses a similar concept in its HP-UX operating system and its Printer Command Language (PCL) protocol for printers (either for HP printers or not). The terminology, however, is different: What others call a character set, HP calls a symbol set, and what IBM or Microsoft call a code page, HP calls a symbol set code. HP developed a series of symbol sets, each with an associated symbol set code, to encode both its own character sets and other vendors’ character sets. The multitude of character sets leads many vendors to recommend Unicode.

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Wikipedia

Telephone numbers in Hong Kong

Telephone numbers in Hong Kong are mostly eight-digit. Fixed land line numbers start with 2 or 3, mobile (cellular) phone numbers with 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, pager numbers with 7 and forwarding service with 8. Since the end of 1989, there have been no area codes within Hong Kong. The telephone number for emergency services – Police, Fire Services and Ambulance – is 999 for all telephone lines. These numbers can also be used for mobile and other users: 992 – fax on fixed line, SMS on mobile phones (for subscribers with disabilities) 112 – mobile phones Some special numbers are three- to five-digit. Some premium rate services, for example for games and adult contents, are 11-digit. Numbers beginning with '1' are usually reserved for carrier/operator services. These services are provided by the individual telephone carrier. In general, these numbers can be used across all carriers: Directory services – 1081 (English), 1083 (Cantonese) and 1088 (Mandarin) Time and temperature information – 18501 (English), 18503 (Cantonese) and 18508 (Mandarin) The international call prefix varies depending on IDD provider, however 001 works on all phone lines and uses the IDD service provided by the same carrier as the telephone line that 001 call is dialed from. During the years of telephone monopoly, the International call prefix was 106 (through 1980s) and then 001. Calls from Hong Kong to Macau and mainland China are international, and include that regions' country code: Macau +853 xxxx xxxx Mainland China +86 (area code) xxxx xxxx

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Wikipedia

Morse code

Morse code is a telecommunications method which encodes text characters as standardized sequences of two different signal durations, called dots and dashes, or dits and dahs. It is named after Samuel Morse, one of several developers of the system. Morse's preliminary proposal for a telegraph code was replaced by an alphabet-based code developed by Alfred Vail, the engineer working with Morse. Vail's version was used for commercial telegraphy in North America. Friedrich Gerke simplified Vail's code to produce the code adopted in Europe, and most of the alphabetic part of the (ITU) "Morse" is copied from Gerke's revision. The ITU International Morse code encodes the 26 basic Latin letters A to Z, one accented Latin letter É, the Indo-Arabic numerals 0 to 9, and some punctuation and messaging procedural signals (prosigns). There is no distinction between upper and lower case letters. Each code symbol is formed by a sequence of dits and dahs. The dit duration can vary for signal clarity and operator skill, but for any one message, once the rhythm is established, a half-beat is the basic unit of time measurement. The duration of a dah is three times the duration of a dit. Each dit or dah within an encoded character is followed by a period of signal absence, called a space, equal to the dit duration. The letters of a word are separated by a space of duration equal to three dits, and words are separated by a space equal to seven dits. Morse code can be memorized and sent in a form perceptible to the human senses, e.g. via sound waves or visible light, such that it can be directly interpreted by persons trained in it. Morse code is usually transmitted by on-off keying of an information-carrying medium such as electric current, radio waves, visible light, or sound waves. The current or wave is present during the time period of the dit or dah and absent during the time between dits and dahs. Since many natural languages use more than the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, Morse alphabets have been developed for those, largely by transliteration of existing codes. To increase transmission efficiency, Vail designed the original alphabetic code so the duration of each symbol was approximately inverse to the frequency that the character it represents occurs in English text. After revisions that led to ITU Morse code, the assignment of codes to characters in a few cases became non-optimal, although many encodings are. For instance, the most common letter in English, E, has the shortest code – a single dit. Because code elements are specified relatively, by proportion, rather than fixed duration, the code is usually sent at the highest rate the receiver is capable of decoding.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Which Black woman became the first elected to the United States Congress?

Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.