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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 Code page 850 character set with 9×14 glyphs, as usually rendered by Enhanced Graphics Array (EGA) | |
| MIME / IANA | IBM850 |
|---|---|
| Alias(es) | cp850, 850, csPC850Multilingual,[1] DOS Latin 1, OEM 850 |
| Languages | English, various others |
| Classification | Extended ASCII, OEM code page |
| Extends | US-ASCII |
| Based on | OEM-US |
| Transforms / Encodes | ISO/IEC 8859-1 (reordered) |
| Other related encodings | Code page 858 (PC DOS 2000's "modified code page 850"), code page 437 |
Code page 850 (CCSID 850) (also known as CP 850, IBM 00850,[2] OEM 850,[3] DOS Latin 1[4]) is a code page used under DOS operating systems[a] in Western Europe.[5] Depending on the country setting and system configuration, code page 850 is the primary code page and default OEM code page in many countries, including various English-speaking locales (e.g. in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Canada), whilst other English-speaking locales (like the United States) default to the hardware code page 437.[6]
Code page 850 differs from code page 437 in that many of the box-drawing characters, Greek letters, and various symbols were replaced with additional Latin letters with diacritics, thus greatly improving support for Western European languages (all characters from ISO 8859-1 are included). At the same time, the changes frequently caused display glitches with programs that made use of the box-drawing characters to display a GUI-like surface in text mode.
After the DOS era, successor operating systems largely replaced code page 850 with Windows-1252,[b] later UCS-2 and UTF-16,[c] and finally UTF-8. However, legacy applications, especially command-line programs, may still depend on support for older code pages.
Each non-ASCII character appears with its equivalent Unicode code-point. Differences from code page 437 are limited to the second half of the table, the first half being the same.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0x 0 |
NUL | ☺︎ 263A
|
☻ 263B
|
♥︎ 2665
|
♦︎ 2666
|
♣︎ 2663
|
♠︎ 2660
|
• 2022
|
◘ 25D8
|
○ 25CB
|
◙ 25D9
|
♂︎ 2642
|
♀︎ 2640
|
♪ 266A
|
♫ 266B
|
☼ 263C
|
| 1x 16 |
► 25BA
|
◄ 25C4
|
↕︎ 2195
|
‼︎ 203C
|
¶ 00B6
|
§ 00A7
|
▬ 25AC
|
↨ 21A8
|
↑ 2191
|
↓ 2193
|
→ 2192
|
← 2190
|
∟ 221F
|
↔︎ 2194
|
▲ 25B2
|
▼ 25BC
|
| 2x 32 |
SP | ! | " | # | $ | % | & | ' | ( | ) | * | + | , | - | . | / |
| 3x 48 |
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | : | ; | < | = | > | ? |
| 4x 64 |
@ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O |
| 5x 80 |
P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _ |
| 6x 96 |
` | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o |
| 7x 112 |
p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | { | | | } | ~ | ⌂ 2302
|
| 8x 128 |
Ç 00C7
|
ü 00FC
|
é 00E9
|
â 00E2
|
ä 00E4
|
à 00E0
|
å 00E5
|
ç 00E7
|
ê 00EA
|
ë 00EB
|
è 00E8
|
ï 00EF
|
î 00EE
|
ì 00EC
|
Ä 00C4
|
Å 00C5
|
| 9x 144 |
É 00C9
|
æ 00E6
|
Æ 00C6
|
ô 00F4
|
ö 00F6
|
ò 00F2
|
û 00FB
|
ù 00F9
|
ÿ 00FF
|
Ö 00D6
|
Ü 00DC
|
ø 00F8
|
£ 00A3
|
Ø 00D8
|
× 00D7
|
ƒ 0192
|
| Ax 160 |
á 00E1
|
í 00ED
|
ó 00F3
|
ú 00FA
|
ñ 00F1
|
Ñ 00D1
|
ª 00AA
|
º 00BA
|
¿ 00BF
|
® 00AE
|
¬ 00AC
|
½ 00BD
|
¼ 00BC
|
¡ 00A1
|
« 00AB
|
» 00BB
|
| Bx 176 |
░ 2591
|
▒ 2592
|
▓ 2593
|
│ 2502
|
┤ 2524
|
Á 00C1
|
 00C2
|
À 00C0
|
© 00A9
|
╣ 2563
|
║ 2551
|
╗ 2557
|
╝ 255D
|
¢ 00A2
|
¥ 00A5
|
┐ 2510
|
| Cx 192 |
└ 2514
|
┴ 2534
|
┬ 252C
|
├ 251C
|
─ 2500
|
┼ 253C
|
ã 00E3
|
à 00C3
|
╚ 255A
|
╔ 2554
|
╩ 2569
|
╦ 2566
|
╠ 2560
|
═ 2550
|
╬ 256C
|
¤ 00A4
|
| Dx 208 |
ð 00F0
|
Ð 00D0
|
Ê 00CA
|
Ë 00CB
|
È 00C8
|
ı 0131
|
Í 00CD
|
Î 00CE
|
Ï 00CF
|
┘ 2518
|
┌ 250C
|
█ 2588
|
▄ 2584
|
¦ 00A6
|
Ì 00CC
|
▀ 2580
|
| Ex 224 |
Ó 00D3
|
ß 00DF
|
Ô 00D4
|
Ò 00D2
|
õ 00F5
|
Õ 00D5
|
µ 00B5
|
þ 00FE
|
Þ 00DE
|
Ú 00DA
|
Û 00DB
|
Ù 00D9
|
ý 00FD
|
Ý 00DD
|
¯ 00AF
|
´ 00B4
|
| Fx 240 |
SHY 00AD |
± 00B1
|
‗ 2017
|
¾ 00BE
|
¶ 00B6
|
§ 00A7
|
÷ 00F7
|
¸ 00B8
|
° 00B0
|
¨ 00A8
|
· 00B7
|
¹ 00B9
|
³ 00B3
|
² 00B2
|
■ 25A0
|
NBSP 00A0 |
| MIME / IANA | IBM00858 |
|---|---|
| Alias(es) | CCSID00858, CP00858, PC-Multilingual-850+euro[1] |
| Transforms / Encodes | ISO 8859-1 |
| Preceded by | Code page 850 |
In 1998, code page 858 (CCSID 858)[11] (also known as CP 858, IBM 00858, OEM 858[3]) was derived from this code page by changing code point 213 (D5hex) from a dotless i ⟨ı⟩ to the euro sign ⟨€⟩ U+20AC.[12][13][14] Unlike most code pages modified to support the euro sign, the generic currency sign at CFhex was not chosen as the character to replace (compare ISO-8859-15 (from ISO-8859-1), code pages 808 (from 866), 848 (from 1125), 849 (from 1131) and 872 (from 855), ISO-IR-205 (from ISO-8859-4), ISO-IR-206 (from ISO-8859-13), and the changes to MacRoman and MacCyrillic).
IBM's PC DOS 2000, also released in 1998, just changed the definition of 850 to match 858 and called it modified code page 850.[15][16][17][18] This was done so programs that hard-coded 850 would be able to use the Euro sign. There may also have been a problem with Code Page Information (.CPI) files being limited to about six codepages maximum. More recent IBM/MS products implement codepage 858 under its own ID and have restored 850 to the original.[19]
[…] one could also create custom .CPI files in the traditional FONT style without difficulties, but you could only store up to […] six codepages in such a file if it should be useable by MS-DOS/PC DOS (some OEM issues and NT can handle files larger than 64 Kb, but MS-DOS/PC DOS can not).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) (NB. Based on fd-dev post [1].)
The new official ID for the Multilingual "codepage 850 with EURO SIGN" is 858, not 850. IBM will switch to use 858 instead of their 850 variant with future issues of their products. […] I can only guess why they didn't add 858 to their EGAx.CPI, COUNTRY.SYS, and KEYBOARD.SYS files in PC DOS 2000. Many third-party applications are designed to work with 850 and didn't know about 858 at the time PC DOS 2000 was released, so it's easier for everyone, but unfortunately it's not compatible. […] As explained above, COUNTRY.SYS and KEYBOARD.SYS contain only two codepage entries for a given country in Western issues of DOS. (In Arabic and Hebrew issues there can be up to 8 codepages for one country, in theory there is no limit below the range of allowed codepages 1..65534). […] The problem is that removing support for 850 might have caused compatibility problems with applications which are hard-wired to use 850. Adding 858 as a third choice to all the files would have increased the file and table sizes significantly. The COUNTRY.SYS file parser in MS-DOS/PC DOS IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM sets aside a 6 Kb (for DOS 6) scratchpad to load all the info. This allows a maximum of 438 entries in a COUNTRY.SYS file to be accepted, otherwise you will get the message "COUNTRY.SYS too large.". The NLSFUNC parser does not have this limitation, and the file parsers in DR-DOS (kernel and NLSFUNC) also do not know of such a restriction. Older issues of MS-DOS/PC DOS even had a 2 Kb buffer for a maximum of 146 entries.
| Early telecommunication | |
|---|---|
| ISO/IEC 8859 |
|
| Bibliographic use | |
| National standards | |
| ISO/IEC 2022 | |
| Code pages | |
| Unicode, ISO/IEC 10646 | |
| TeX typesetting | |
| Control character | |
| Related topics | |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Code page 850 (CCSID 850) (also known as CP 850, IBM 00850, OEM 850, DOS Latin 1) is a code page used under DOS operating systems in Western Europe. Depending on the country setting and system configuration, code page 850 is the primary code page and default OEM code page in many countries, including various English-speaking locales (e.g. in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Canada), whilst other English-speaking locales (like the United States) default to the hardware code page 437. Code page 850 differs from code page 437 in that many of the box-drawing characters, Greek letters, and various symbols were replaced with additional Latin letters with diacritics, thus greatly improving support for Western European languages (all characters from ISO 8859-1 are included). At the same time, the changes frequently caused display glitches with programs that made use of the box-drawing characters to display a GUI-like surface in text mode. After the DOS era, successor operating systems largely replaced code page 850 with Windows-1252, later UCS-2 and UTF-16, and finally UTF-8. However, legacy applications, especially command-line programs, may still depend on support for older code pages.
Code page 1116 (also known as CP 1116 or IBM 01116) is a code page used under DOS to write the Estonian language. It is a modification of code page 850.
Code page 437 (CCSID 437) is the character set of the original IBM PC (personal computer). It is also known as CP437, OEM-US, OEM 437, PC-8, or MS-DOS Latin US. The set includes all printable ASCII characters as well as some accented letters (diacritics), Greek letters, icons, and line-drawing symbols. It is sometimes referred to as the "OEM font" or "high ASCII", or as "extended ASCII" (one of many mutually incompatible ASCII extensions). This character set remains the primary set in the core of any EGA and VGA-compatible graphics card. As such, text shown when a PC reboots, before fonts can be loaded and rendered, is typically rendered using this character set. Many file formats developed at the time of the IBM PC are based on code page 437 as well.
Code page 866 (CCSID 866) (CP 866, "DOS Cyrillic Russian") is a code page used under DOS and OS/2 in Russia to write Cyrillic script. It is based on the "alternative code page" (Russian: Альтернативная кодировка) developed in 1984 in IHNA AS USSR and published in 1986 by a research group at the Academy of Science of the USSR. The code page was widely used during the DOS era because it preserves all of the pseudographic symbols of code page 437 (unlike the "Main code page" or Code page 855) and maintains alphabetic order (although non-contiguously) of Cyrillic letters (unlike KOI8-R). Initially this encoding was only available in the Russian version of MS-DOS 4.01 (1990), but with MS-DOS 6.22 it became available in any language version. The WHATWG Encoding Standard, which specifies the character encodings permitted in HTML5 which compliant browsers must support, includes Code page 866. It is the only single-byte encoding listed which is not named as an ISO 8859 part, Mac OS specific encoding, Microsoft Windows specific encoding (Windows-874 or Windows-125x) or KOI-8 variant. Authors of new pages and the designers of new protocols are instructed to use UTF-8 instead. A number of variants were used in different Russian territories that had slightly different sets of characters.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
