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The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
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Katherine Johnson — Mathematics to the Moon

Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.

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Wikipedia

ASMO 449

ASMO 449
Alias(es)iso-ir-89
StandardASMO 449, ISO 9036
Classification7-bit encoding, non-Latin ISO 646 modification with natural letter ordering
Succeeded byASMO 708 (ISO-8859-6)

ASMO 449 is a now technologically obsolete[1] 7-bit coded character set to encode the Arabic language.

History

[edit]

This character set was devised by the now extinct[2] Arab Standardization and Metrology Organization in 1982[2] to be the 7-bit standard to be used in Arabic-speaking countries. The design of this character set is derived[3] from the 7-bit ISO 646 (version of 1973) but with modifications suited for the Arabic language. In code points ranging from 0x41 to 0x72 (hexadecimal), Latin letters were replaced with Arabic letters. Punctuation marks which were identical in the Latin and Arabic scripts remained the same, but where they differed (comma, semicolon, question mark), the Latin ones were replaced by Arabic ones. Only nominal letters are encoded, no preshaped forms of the letters, so shaping processing is required for display. This character set is not bidirectional and was intended to be used in right to left writing. Therefore, symmetrical pairs of punctuation marks (( and ), < and >, [ and ], { and }) appear reversed () and (, > and <, ] and [, } and {).

ASMO 449 was registered in the International Register of Coded Character Sets as IR 089[3] in 1985 and approved as an ISO standard as ISO 9036:1987 Information processing - Arabic 7-bit coded character set for information interchange.[4]

Character set

[edit]
ASMO 449 (1982)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0x NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI
1x DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US
2x  SP  ! " # ¤ % & ' ) ( * + ، - . /
3x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ؛ > = < ؟
4x @ ء آ أ ؤ إ ئ ا ب ة ت ث ج ح خ د
5x ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ] \ [ ^ _
6x ـ ف ق ك ل م ن ه و ى ي ً ٌ ٍ َ ُ
7x ِ ّ ْ } | { ~ DEL

There is a variant, sometimes named ASMO 449+[5] which adds the characters NBSP in 0x75, "ﹳ" in 0x76, "لآ" in 0x77, "لأ" in 0x78, "لإ" in 0x79 and "لا" in 0x7A.

Relationship with other character sets

[edit]

ASMO 449 is a 7-bit character set. Although some encodings allocate this 7-bit character set in the upper part of the 8-bit character set, it should not be confused with ASMO 708. In the character sets that allocate ASMO 449 (or some variant of it) in the upper part of the 8-bit character set, the existence of apparently repeated characters is because the characters in the lower part are for left-to-right script while the characters in the upper part are for right-to-left script. When ASMO 449 (or some variant of it) is allocated to the upper part of the 8-bit character set, it has Arabic digits.

  • Al-Arabi[5] adds the characters NBS in 0xF5, "-" in 0xF6, "÷" in 0xF7, "×" in 0xF8, "«" in 0xF9 and "»" in 0xFA, and replaces "ـ" with "`"; this character set is sometimes referred as Code Page 768 (not an official IBM code page).
  • DEC's DEC/8/ASMO[5] has the same repertoire and the same sequence of Arabic characters but dislocates them.
  • HP's Arabic-8[5] is also based on ASMO 449;
  • Apple's MacArabic adds French, German and Spanish characters in their typical code points from MacRoman, and adds letters for Persian and Urdu.
  • Apple's MacFarsi replaces the Arabic digits from MacArabic with Persian ones.
  • The Code Table 7[6] from MARC-8 allocates ASMO 449 in the lower part of the 8-bit character set and allocates the upper part with the Arabic Extension (ISO 11822 / IR 224).
  • Microsoft's Code page 709,[5] for MS-DOS, adds French and German characters in their typical code points from code page 437.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Computing and the Qurʾān - Some caveats, 2007, Thomas Milo
  2. ^ a b Le codage informatique de l'écriture arabe : d'ASMO 449 à Unicode et ISO/CEI 10646
  3. ^ a b "7-bit Arabic Code for Information Interchange, Arab standard ASMO-449, ISO 9036" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-21. Retrieved 2017-02-20.
  4. ^ "ISO 9036:1987". International Organization for Standardization. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  5. ^ a b c d e Printronix ACA Emulation Programmer's Reference Manual
  6. ^ "Code Table 7: Basic and Extended Arabic". www.itsmarc.com. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
[edit]

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

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Wikipedia

ASMO 449

ASMO 449 is a now technologically obsolete 7-bit coded character set to encode the Arabic language.

MORE →
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Wikipedia

Al-Arabi

Al-Arabi may refer to:

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Greenwood / Black Wall Street

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Which Supreme Court case ruled state-sponsored public-school segregation unconstitutional?

Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.