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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
This article classifies the subgroups of the order Coleoptera (beetles) down to the level of families, following the system in "Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)", Bouchard, et al. (2011), with corrections and additions from 2020, with common names from bugguide.net. Order Coleoptera Suborder †Protocoleoptera Superfamily †Tshekardocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1944 Family †Tshekardocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1944 Family †Labradorocoleidae Ponomarenko, 1969 Family †Oborocoleidae Kukalová, 1969 Superfamily †Permocupedoidea Martynov, 1933 Family †Permocupedidae Martynov, 1933 Family †Taldycupedidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Superfamily †Permosynoidea Tillyard, 1924 Family †Ademosynidae Ponomarenko, 1968 Family †Permosynidae Tillyard, 1924 Suborder Archostemata Superfamily Cupedoidea Laporte, 1836 Family Crowsoniellidae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1983 Family Cupedidae Laporte, 1836 Family Micromalthidae Barber, 1913 Family Ommatidae Sharp and Muir, 1912 Family Jurodidae Ponomarenko, 1985 Family †Triadocupedidae Ponomarenko, 1966 Family †Magnocoleidae Hong, 1998 Family †Obrieniidae Zherikhin and Gratshev, 1994 Superfamily †Asiocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1961 Family †Asiocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Family †Tricoleidae Ponomarenko, 1969 Superfamily †Rhombocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1961 Family †Rhombocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Superfamily †Schizocoleoidea Rohdendorf, 1961 (formerly Schizophoroidea Ponomarenko, 1968) Family †Phoroschizidae Bouchard and Bousquet, 2020 (formerly Schizophoridae Ponomarenko, 1968) Family †Catiniidae Ponomarenko, 1968 Family †Schizocoleidae Rohdendorf, 1961 Suborder Myxophaga Superfamily Lepiceroidea Hinton, 1936 (1882) Family Lepiceridae Hinton, 1936 (1882) Superfamily Sphaeriusoidea Erichson, 1845 Family Torridincolidae Steffan, 1964 Family Hydroscaphidae LeConte, 1874 Family Sphaeriusidae Erichson, 1845 Suborder Adephaga Family †Tritarsusidae Hong, 2002 (formerly Tritarsidae Hong, 2002) Family Gyrinidae Latreille, 1810 (whirligig beetles) Family Trachypachidae Thomson, 1857 (false ground beetles) Family Rhysodidae Laporte, 1840 Family Carabidae Latreille, 1802 (ground beetles) Family Haliplidae Aubé, 1836 (crawling water beetles) Family †Triaplidae Ponomarenko, 1977 Family †Colymbotethidae Ponomarenko, 1994 Family †Parahygrobiidae Ponomarenko, 1977 Family †Coptoclavidae Ponomarenko, 1961 Family †Liadytidae Ponomarenko, 1977 Family Meruidae Spangler and Steiner, 2005 Family Noteridae Thomson, 1860 (burrowing water beetles) Family Amphizoidae LeConte, 1853 Family Aspidytidae Ribera, Beutel, Balke and Vogler, 2002 Family Hygrobiidae Régimbart, 1879 (1837) Family Dytiscidae Leach, 1815 (predaceous diving beetles) Suborder Polyphaga Infraorder Staphyliniformia Superfamily Histeroidea Gyllenhal, 1808 Family Histeridae Gyllenhal, 1808 Family Sphaeritidae Shuckard, 1839 Family Synteliidae Lewis, 1882 Superfamily Hydrophiloidea Latreille, 1802 Family Epimetopidae Zaitzev, 1908 Family Georissidae Laporte, 1840 Family Helophoridae Leach, 1815 Family Hydrochidae Thomson, 1859 Family Hydrophilidae Latreille, 1802 (water scavenger beetles) Family Spercheidae Erichson, 1837 Superfamily Staphylinoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Hydraenidae Mulsant, 1844 Family Ptiliidae Erichson, 1845 Family Agyrtidae Thomson, 1859 Family Leiodidae Fleming, 1821 Family Silphidae Latreille, 1806 Family Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802 (rove beetles) Infraorder Scarabaeiformia Superfamily Scarabaeoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Pleocomidae LeConte, 1861 (rain beetles) Family Bolboceratidae Mulsant, 1842 Family Geotrupidae Latreille, 1802 (earth-boring scarab beetles) Family Belohinidae Paulian, 1959 Family Passalidae Leach, 1815 (bess beetles) Family Trogidae MacLeay, 1819 (hide beetles) Family Glaresidae Prudhomme de Borre, 1886 Family Diphyllostomatidae Holloway, 1972 Family Lucanidae Latreille, 1804 (stag beetles) Family Ochodaeidae Streubel, 1846 (sand-loving scarab beetles) Family Hybosoridae Erichson, 1847 Family Glaphyridae MacLeay, 1819 (bumble bee scarab beetles) Family Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802 (scarab beetles) Family †Coprinisphaeridae Genise, 2004 (ichnotaxon) Family †Pallichnidae Genise, 2004 (ichnotaxon) Infraorder Elateriformia Superfamily Scirtoidea Fleming, 1821 Family Decliniidae Nikitsky, Lawrence, Kirejtshuk and Gratshev, 1994 Family Eucinetidae Lacordaire, 1857 Family Clambidae Fischer von Waldheim, 1821 Family Scirtidae Fleming, 1821 Family †Elodophthalmidae Kirejtshuk and Azar, 2008 Family †Mesocinetidae Kirejtshuk and Ponomarenko, 2010 Superfamily Dascilloidea Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (1834) Family Dascillidae Guérin-Méneville, 1843 (1834) Family Rhipiceridae Latreille, 1834 Superfamily Buprestoidea Leach, 1815 Family Schizopodidae LeConte, 1859 Family Buprestidae Leach, 1815 Superfamily Byrrhoidea Latreille, 1804 Family Byrrhidae Latreille, 1804 Family Protelmidae Jeannel, 1950 Family Elmidae Curtis, 1830 Family Dryopidae Billberg, 1820 (1817) Family Lutrochidae Kasap and Crowson, 1975 Family Limnichidae Erichson, 1846 Family Heteroceridae MacLeay, 1825 Family Psephenidae Lacordaire, 1854 Family Cneoglossidae Champion, 1897 Family Ptilodactylidae Laporte, 1836 Family Podabrocephalidae Pic, 1930 Family Chelonariidae Blanchard, 1845 Family Eulichadidae Crowson, 1973 Family Callirhipidae Emden, 1924 Superfamily Elateroidea Leach, 1815 Family Artematopodidae Lacordaire, 1857 Family Brachypsectridae Horn, 1881 Family Cantharidae Imhoff, 1856 (1815) (soldier beetles) Family Cerophytidae Latreille, 1834 Family Elateridae Leach, 1815 (click beetles; includes former Drilidae, Omalisidae, and Plastoceridae) Family Eucnemidae Eschscholtz, 1829 Family Lampyridae Rafinesque, 1815 (fireflies) Family Lycidae Laporte, 1836 Family Omethidae LeConte, 1861 (includes former Telegeusidae) Family Phengodidae LeConte, 1861 Family Rhagophthalmidae Olivier, 1907 Family Sinopyrophoridae Bi, 2018 Family Throscidae Laporte, 1840 nomen protectum Family †Berendtimiridae Winkler, 1987 Family †Praelateriidae Dolin, 1973 Superfamily Rhinorhipoidea Lawrence, 1988 Family Rhinorhipidae Lawrence, 1988 Infraorder Bostrichiformia Superfamily Derodontoidea LeConte, 1861 Family Derodontidae LeConte, 1861 Family Nosodendridae Erichson, 1846 Family Jacobsoniidae Heller, 1926 Superfamily Bostrichoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Dermestidae Latreille, 1804 (carpet beetles) Family Endecatomidae LeConte, 1861 Family Bostrichidae Latreille, 1802 Family Ptinidae Latreille, 1802 Infraorder Cucujiformia Superfamily Lymexyloidea Fleming, 1821 Family Lymexylidae Fleming, 1821 Superfamily Cleroidea Latreille, 1802 Family Phloiophilidae Kiesenwetter, 1863 Family Trogossitidae Latreille, 1802 Family Chaetosomatidae Crowson, 1952 Family Metaxinidae Kolibáč, 2004 Family Thanerocleridae Chapin, 1924 Family Cleridae Latreille, 1802 (checkered beetles) Family Acanthocnemidae Crowson, 1964 Family Phycosecidae Crowson, 1952 Family Prionoceridae Lacordaire, 1857 Family Mauroniscidae Majer, 1995 Family Melyridae Leach, 1815 (soft-winged flower beetles) Superfamily Cucujoidea Latreille, 1802 Family †Parandrexidae Kirejtshuk, 1994 Family †Sinisilvanidae Hong, 2002 Family Boganiidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966 Family Byturidae Gistel, 1848 Family Helotidae Chapuis, 1876 Family Protocucujidae Crowson, 1954 Family Sphindidae Jacquelin du Val, 1860 Family Biphyllidae LeConte, 1861 Family Erotylidae Latreille, 1802 Family Monotomidae Laporte, 1840 Family Hobartiidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966 Family Cryptophagidae Kirby, 1826 Family Agapythidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1969 Family Priasilphidae Crowson, 1973 Family Phloeostichidae Reitter, 1911 Family Silvanidae Kirby, 1837 Family Cucujidae Latreille, 1802 Family Myraboliidae Lawrence and Britton, 1991 Family Cavognathidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1966 Family Lamingtoniidae Sen Gupta and Crowson, 1969 Family Passandridae Blanchard, 1845 Family Phalacridae Leach, 1815 Family Propalticidae Crowson, 1952 Family Laemophloeidae Ganglbauer, 1899 Family Tasmosalpingidae Lawrence and Britton, 1991 Family Cyclaxyridae Gimmel, Leschen and Ślipiński, 2009 Family Kateretidae Kirby, 1837 Family Nitidulidae Latreille, 1802 Family Smicripidae Horn, 1880 Family Bothrideridae Erichson, 1845 Family Cerylonidae Billberg, 1820 Family Alexiidae Imhoff, 1856 Family Discolomatidae Horn, 1878 Family Endomychidae Leach, 1815 Family Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807 (ladybirds or lady beetles) Family Corylophidae LeConte, 1852 Family Akalyptoischiidae Lord, Hartley, Lawrence, McHugh, Whiting and Miller, 2010 Family Latridiidae Erichson, 1842 Superfamily Tenebrionoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Mycetophagidae Leach, 1815 Family Archeocrypticidae Kaszab, 1964 Family Pterogeniidae Crowson, 1953 Family Ciidae Leach, 1819 Family Tetratomidae Billberg, 1820 Family Melandryidae Leach, 1815 Family Mordellidae Latreille, 1802 (tumbling flower beetles) Family Ripiphoridae Laporte, 1840 Family Zopheridae Solier, 1834 Family Ulodidae Pascoe, 1869 Family Promecheilidae Lacordaire, 1859 Family Chalcodryidae Watt, 1974 Family Trachelostenidae Lacordaire, 1859 Family Tenebrionidae Latreille, 1802 (darkling beetles) Family Prostomidae Thomson, 1859 Family Synchroidae Lacordaire, 1859 Family Stenotrachelidae Thomson, 1859 Family Oedemeridae Latreille, 1810 Family Meloidae Gyllenhal, 1810 (blister beetles) Family Mycteridae Perty, 1840 (palm beetles and flower beetles) Family Boridae Thomson, 1859 Family Trictenotomidae Blanchard, 1845 Family Pythidae Solier, 1834 Family Pyrochroidae Latreille, 1806 Family Salpingidae Leach, 1815 Family Anthicidae Latreille, 1819 Family Aderidae Csiki, 1909 Family Scraptiidae Gistel, 1848 Clade Phytophaga Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Latreille, 1802 Family Oxypeltidae Lacordaire, 1868 Family Vesperidae Mulsant, 1839 Family Disteniidae Thomson, 1861 Family Cerambycidae Latreille, 1802 (longhorn beetles) Family Megalopodidae Latreille, 1802 Family Orsodacnidae Thomson, 1859 Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802 (leaf beetles) Superfamily Curculionoidea Latreille, 1802 Family Nemonychidae Bedel, 1882 Family Anthribidae Billberg, 1820 Family †Ulyanidae Zherikhin, 1993 Family Belidae Schönherr, 1826 Family Caridae Thompson, 1992 Family Attelabidae Billberg, 1820 Family Brentidae Billberg, 1820 Family Brachyceridae Billberg, 1820 Family Curculionidae Latreille, 1802 (snout beetles, weevils, and bark beetles)
Burmese amber is fossil resin dating to the early Late Cretaceous Cenomanian age recovered from deposits in the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar. It is known for being one of the most diverse Cretaceous age amber paleobiotas, containing rich arthropod fossils, along with uncommon vertebrate fossils and even rare marine inclusions. A mostly complete list of all taxa described up to the end of 2023 can be found in Ross (2024). This article covers fossils classified as belonging to order Coleoptera, and its sub-orders Adephaga, Archostemata, Myxophaga, and Polyphaga.
Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Holometabola. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 described species, is the largest of all orders, constituting almost 40% of described arthropods and 25% of all known animal species; new species are discovered frequently, with estimates suggesting that there are between 0.9 and 2.1 million total species. Found in almost every habitat except the sea and the polar regions, they interact with their ecosystems in several ways: beetles often feed on plants and fungi, break down animal and plant debris, and eat other invertebrates. Some species are serious agricultural pests, such as the Colorado potato beetle, while others such as Coccinellidae (ladybirds or ladybugs) eat aphids, scale insects, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects that damage crops. Some others also have unusual characteristics, such as fireflies, which use a light-emitting organ for mating and communication purposes. Beetles typically have a particularly hard exoskeleton including the elytra, though some such as the rove beetles have very short elytra while blister beetles have softer elytra. The general anatomy of a beetle is quite uniform and typical of insects, although there are several examples of novelty, such as adaptations in water beetles which trap air bubbles under the elytra for use while diving. Beetles are holometabolans, which means that they undergo complete metamorphosis, with a series of conspicuous and relatively abrupt changes in body structure between hatching and becoming adult after a relatively immobile pupal stage. Some, such as stag beetles, have a marked sexual dimorphism, the males possessing enormously enlarged mandibles which they use to fight other males. Many beetles are aposematic, with bright colors and patterns warning of their toxicity, while others are harmless Batesian mimics of such insects. Many beetles, including those that live in sandy places, have effective camouflage. Beetles are prominent in human culture, from the sacred scarabs of ancient Egypt to beetlewing art and use as pets or fighting insects for entertainment and gambling. Many beetle groups are brightly and attractively colored making them objects of collection and decorative displays. Over 300 species are used as food, mostly as larvae; species widely consumed include mealworms and rhinoceros beetle larvae. However, the major impact of beetles on human life is as agricultural, forestry, and horticultural pests. Serious pest species include the boll weevil of cotton, the Colorado potato beetle, the coconut hispine beetle, the mountain pine beetle, and many others. Most beetles, however, do not cause economic damage and some, such as numerous species of lady beetles, are beneficial by helping to control insect pests. The scientific study of beetles is known as coleopterology.
Myxophaga is the second-smallest suborder of the Coleoptera after Archostemata, consisting of roughly 112 species of small to minute beetles in four families. The members of this suborder are aquatic and semiaquatic, and feed on algae.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
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