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THE JOURNEY THROUGH TIME

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MY'STORY

The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

Ruler of the Mali Empire in the 14th century

Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.

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BHP gathered finds from its connected research sources. Showing the 4 strongest Black History matches.
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Wikipedia

Collectionwise normal space

In mathematics, a topological space is called collectionwise normal if for every discrete family Fi (i ∈ I) of closed subsets of there exists a pairwise disjoint family of open sets Ui (i ∈ I), such that Fi ⊆ Ui. Here a family of subsets of is called discrete when every point of has a neighbourhood that intersects at most one of the sets from . An equivalent definition[1] of collectionwise normal demands that the above Ui (i ∈ I) themselves form a discrete family, which is a priori stronger than pairwise disjoint.

Some authors assume that is also a T1 space as part of the definition, but no such assumption is made here.

The property is intermediate in strength between paracompactness and normality, and occurs in metrization theorems.

Properties

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  • A collectionwise normal space is collectionwise Hausdorff.
  • A collectionwise normal space is normal.
  • A Hausdorff paracompact space is collectionwise normal.[2] In particular, every metrizable space is collectionwise normal.
    Note: The Hausdorff condition is necessary here, since for example an infinite set with the cofinite topology is compact, hence paracompact, and T1, but is not even normal.
  • Every normal countably compact space (hence every normal compact space) is collectionwise normal.
    Proof: Use the fact that in a countably compact space any discrete family of nonempty subsets is finite.
  • An Fσ-set in a collectionwise normal space is also collectionwise normal in the subspace topology. In particular, this holds for closed subsets.
  • The Moore metrization theorem states that a collectionwise normal Moore space is metrizable.

Hereditarily collectionwise normal space

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A topological space X is called hereditarily collectionwise normal if every subspace of X with the subspace topology is collectionwise normal.

In the same way that hereditarily normal spaces can be characterized in terms of separated sets, there is an equivalent characterization for hereditarily collectionwise normal spaces. A family of subsets of X is called a separated family if for every i, we have , with cl denoting the closure operator in X, in other words if the family of is discrete in its union. The following conditions are equivalent:[3]

  1. X is hereditarily collectionwise normal.
  2. Every open subspace of X is collectionwise normal.
  3. For every separated family of subsets of X, there exists a pairwise disjoint family of open sets , such that .

Examples of hereditarily collectionwise normal spaces

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Notes

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  1. ^ Engelking, Theorem 5.1.17, shows the equivalence between the two definitions (under the assumption of T1, but the proof does not use the T1 property).
  2. ^ Engelking 1989, Theorem 5.1.18.
  3. ^ Engelking 1989, Problem 5.5.1.
  4. ^ Steen, Lynn A. (1970). "A direct proof that a linearly ordered space is hereditarily collectionwise normal". Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 24 (4): 727–728. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1970-0257985-7.
  5. ^ Cater, Frank S. (2006). "A Simple Proof that a Linearly Ordered Space is Hereditarily and Completely Collectionwise Normal". Rocky Mountain Journal of Mathematics. 36 (4): 1149–1151. doi:10.1216/rmjm/1181069408. ISSN 0035-7596. JSTOR 44239306. Zbl 1134.54317.
  6. ^ Heath, R. W.; Lutzer, D. J.; Zenor, P. L. (April 1973). "Monotonically Normal Spaces" (PDF). Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 178: 481–493. doi:10.2307/1996713. JSTOR 1996713.

References

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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

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Wikipedia

Collectionwise normal space

In mathematics, a topological space X {\displaystyle X} is called collectionwise normal if for every discrete family Fi (i ∈ I) of closed subsets of X {\displaystyle X} there exists a pairwise disjoint family of open sets Ui (i ∈ I), such that Fi ⊆ Ui. Here a family F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} of subsets of X {\displaystyle X} is called discrete when every point of X {\displaystyle X} has a neighbourhood that intersects at most one of the sets from F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} . An equivalent definition of collectionwise normal demands that the above Ui (i ∈ I) themselves form a discrete family, which is a priori stronger than pairwise disjoint. Some authors assume that X {\displaystyle X} is also a T1 space as part of the definition, but no such assumption is made here. The property is intermediate in strength between paracompactness and normality, and occurs in metrization theorems.

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Wikipedia

Normal space

In topology and related branches of mathematics, a normal space is a topological space in which any two disjoint closed sets have disjoint open neighborhoods. Such spaces need not be Hausdorff in general. A normal Hausdorff space is called a T4 space. Strengthenings of these concepts are detailed in the article below and include completely normal spaces and perfectly normal spaces, and their Hausdorff variants: T5 spaces and T6 spaces. All these conditions are examples of separation axioms.

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Wikipedia

Collectionwise Hausdorff space

In mathematics, in the field of topology, a topological space X {\displaystyle X} is said to be collectionwise Hausdorff if given any closed discrete subset of X {\displaystyle X} , there is a pairwise disjoint family of open sets with each point of the discrete subset contained in exactly one of the open sets. Here a subset S ⊆ X {\displaystyle S\subseteq X} being discrete has the usual meaning of being a discrete space with the subspace topology (i.e., all points of S {\displaystyle S} are isolated in S {\displaystyle S} ).

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Wikipedia

Monotonically normal space

In mathematics, specifically in the field of topology, a monotonically normal space is a particular kind of normal space, defined in terms of a monotone normality operator. It satisfies some interesting properties; for example metric spaces and linearly ordered spaces are monotonically normal, and every monotonically normal space is hereditarily normal.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Which heavyweight champion was known as the “Brown Bomber”?

Joe Louis.