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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Colon | |
|---|---|
| ꞉ | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin |
| Type | alphabetic |
| Language of origin | Americanist phonetic notation, Erima, Gizra, Go꞉bosi, Gwahatike, Kaluli, Kamula, Kasua, Kuni-Boazi, Zimakani, Budu, Sabaot, Grebo, Oʼodham, Zuni, Hupa, Sayula Popoluca, Mohawk |
| Sound values | [ː] |
| In Unicode | U+A789 |
The colon alphabetic letter ꞉ is used in a number of languages and phonetic transcription systems, for vowel length in Americanist Phonetic Notation, for the vowels ⟨a꞉⟩ [ɛ] and ⟨o꞉⟩ [ɔ] in a number of languages of Papua New Guinea, and for grammatical tone in several languages of Africa. It resembles but differs from the colon punctuation mark, :. In some fonts, the two dots are placed a bit closer together than those of the punctuation colon so that the two characters are visually distinct. In Unicode it has been assigned the code U+A789 ꞉ MODIFIER LETTER COLON, which behaves like a letter rather than a punctuation mark in electronic texts. In practice, however, an ASCII colon is frequently used for the letter (U+003A : COLON).
In Windows and macOS, the letter colon can be used to emulate the punctuation colon in file names, where the punctuation colon is a reserved character that cannot be used.
Several of the Native American languages of North America use the colon (U+003A : COLON) to indicate vowel length. Zuni is one. Other languages include Hupa of California, Oʼodham of Arizona, Sayula Popoluca of Mexico and Mohawk of Ontario. Still others use a half colon (just the top dot of the colon, or a middot, U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT,[1] not to be confused with U+A78F ꞏ LATIN LETTER SINOLOGICAL DOT[2] or other dot characters). Both conventions derive from Americanist phonetic notation (below).
The letter colon (U+A789 ꞉ MODIFIER LETTER COLON) distinct from and generally smaller than the punctuation colon, is used as a grammatical tone letter in Budu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in Sabaot in Kenya, and in some Grebo in Liberia[3]. It is also used in several languages of Papua New Guinea: Erima, Gizra, Go꞉bosi, Gwahatike, Kaluli, Kamula, Kasua, Kuni-Boazi and Zimakani.[4]
In Erima, the letter colon is used before a vowel letter a or u to indicate nasalization, for example h꞉aambi "yam", ꞉uwai "a bee".[5]
In Gizra, the letter colon is used in the digraph u꞉ /ɨ/ distinct from the letter u /u/. The digraph doesn’t often occur at the end of words, but is still distinct from a word ending with u followed by the punctuation colon.[6]
In Go꞉bosi, the letter colon is used as a diacritic to distinguish o꞉ /o/ from o /ɔ/.[7]
In Kaluli, the letter colon is used as a diacritic to distinguish a꞉ /ɛ/ from a /a/, and o꞉ /ɔ/ from o /o/.[8]
In Kamula, the letter colon is used as a diacritic to distinguish a꞉ /ɛ/ from a /a/.[9]
In Kasua, the letter colon is used as a diacritic to distinguish a꞉ /æ/ from a /ɑ/.[10]
In Kuni-Boazi the letter colon is used after a vowel letter to indicate grammatical vowel lengthening, for example gemanqatam "when he talked" and ge꞉manqatam "when he talked about it".[11].
| ːˑ | |
|---|---|
IPA length mark | |
| In Unicode | U+02D0 ː MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON U+02D1 ˑ MODIFIER LETTER HALF TRIANGULAR COLON |
| Different from | |
| Different from | U+003A : COLON |
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, a triangular or trapezoidal colon-like letter is used to indicate that the preceding consonant or vowel is long. Its form is that of two triangles or trapezoids pointing toward each other rather than the two dots of Americanist notation. It is available in Unicode as U+02D0 ː MODIFIER LETTER TRIANGULAR COLON. If the upper triangle is used without the lower one (U+02D1 ˑ MODIFIER LETTER HALF TRIANGULAR COLON), it designates a half-long vowel or consonant.[12]
In Americanist phonetic notation, a colon may be used to indicate vowel length. This convention is somewhat less common than the half-colon.
The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet uses U+02F8 ˸ MODIFIER LETTER RAISED COLON.[13]
00B7 · MIDDLE DOT [...] used as a vowel length mark (part of words) in many Amerindian orthographies
The representative glyph for U+A78F is larger than a typical middle dot used as punctuation, to avoid visual confusion with U+00B7 · MIDDLE DOT. Use of the sinological dot should be limited to the appropriate scholarly contexts; it is not intended as a letter substitution for other functions of MIDDLE DOT.
A789 ꞉ MODIFIER LETTER COLON [...] used as a tone letter in some orthographies [...] Budu (Congo), Sabaot (Kenya), Grebo (Liberia), and several Papua New Guinea languages
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The colon alphabetic letter ꞉ is used in a number of languages and phonetic transcription systems, for vowel length in Americanist Phonetic Notation, for the vowels ⟨a꞉⟩ [ɛ] and ⟨o꞉⟩ [ɔ] in a number of languages of Papua New Guinea, and for grammatical tone in several languages of Africa. It resembles but differs from the colon punctuation mark, :. In some fonts, the two dots are placed a bit closer together than those of the punctuation colon so that the two characters are visually distinct. In Unicode it has been assigned the code U+A789 ꞉ MODIFIER LETTER COLON, which behaves like a letter rather than a punctuation mark in electronic texts. In practice, however, an ASCII colon is frequently used for the letter (U+003A : COLON). In Windows and macOS, the letter colon can be used to emulate the punctuation colon in file names, where the punctuation colon is a reserved character that cannot be used.
The sigmoid colon (or pelvic colon) is the part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum and anus. It forms a loop that averages about 35–40 centimetres (14–16 in) in length. The loop is typically shaped like a Greek letter sigma (ς) or Latin letter S (thus sigma + -oid). This part of the colon normally lies within the pelvis, but due to its freedom of movement it is liable to be displaced into the abdominal cavity.
Sigmoidoscopy ("sigma", the Greek term for letter "s/ς" + "eidos" + "scopy": namely, to look inside an "s"/"ς"-like object) is the minimally invasive medical examination of the large intestine from the rectum through to the nearest part of the colon, the sigmoid colon. There are two types of sigmoidoscopy: flexible sigmoidoscopy, which uses a flexible endoscope, and rigid sigmoidoscopy, which uses a rigid device. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is generally the preferred procedure. A sigmoidoscopy is similar to, but not the same as, a colonoscopy. A sigmoidoscopy only examines up to the sigmoid, the most distal part of the colon, while colonoscopy examines the whole large bowel.
Sigmoid means resembling the lower-case Greek letter sigma (uppercase Σ, lowercase σ, lowercase in word-final position ς) or the Latin letter S. Specific uses include: Sigmoid function, a mathematical function Sigmoid colon, part of the large intestine or colon Sigmoid sinus, two structures that drain blood from the bottom of the brain Sigmoid arteries, a pair/trio of arteries in the lower abdomen
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.