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MY'STORY

The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

Wilmington 1898 — An American Coup

Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.

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BHP gathered finds from its connected research sources. Showing the 4 strongest Black History matches.
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Wikipedia

Combining character

Not to be confused with Spacing Modifier Letters.
Cyrillic U combined with breve gives ў.
This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

In digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters. The most common combining characters in the Latin script are the combining diacritical marks (including combining accents).

Unicode also contains many precomposed characters, so that in many cases it is possible to use both combining diacritics and precomposed characters, at the user's or application's choice. This leads to a requirement to perform Unicode normalization before comparing two Unicode strings and to carefully design encoding converters to correctly map all of the valid ways to represent a character in Unicode to a legacy encoding to avoid data loss.[1]

In Unicode, the main block of combining diacritics for European languages and the International Phonetic Alphabet is U+0300–U+036F. Combining diacritical marks are also present in many other blocks of Unicode characters. In Unicode, diacritics are always added after the main character (in contrast to some older combining character sets such as ANSEL), and it is possible to add several diacritics to the same character, including stacked diacritics above and below, though some systems may not render these well.

Unicode ranges

[edit]
Main articles: Combining Diacritical Marks (Unicode block), Combining Diacritical Marks Extended (Unicode block), Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement (Unicode block), Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols (Unicode block), Combining Half Marks (Unicode block), and Cyrillic Extended-A

The following blocks are dedicated specifically to combining characters:

  • Combining Diacritical Marks (0300–036F), since version 1.0, with modifications in subsequent versions down to 4.1
  • Combining Diacritical Marks Extended (1AB0–1AFF), version 7.0
  • Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement (1DC0–1DFF), versions 4.1 to 5.2
  • Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols (20D0–20FF), since version 1.0, with modifications in subsequent versions down to 5.1
  • Cyrillic Extended-A (2DE0–2DFF), version 5.1
  • Combining Half Marks (FE20–FE2F), versions 1.0, with modifications in subsequent versions down to 8.0

Combining characters are not limited to these blocks; for instance, the combining dakuten (U+3099) and combining handakuten (U+309A) are in the Hiragana block, the Devanagari block contains combining vowel signs and other marks for use with that script, and so forth. Combining characters are assigned the Unicode major category "M" ("Mark").

Combining Diacritical Marks (0300–036F)

[edit]
Combining Diacritical Marks[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+030x ◌̀ ◌́ ◌̂ ◌̃ ◌̄ ◌̅ ◌̆ ◌̇ ◌̈ ◌̉ ◌̊ ◌̋ ◌̌ ◌̍ ◌̎ ◌̏
U+031x ◌̐ ◌̑ ◌̒ ◌̓ ◌̔ ◌̕ ◌̖ ◌̗ ◌̘ ◌̙ ◌̚ ◌̛ ◌̜ ◌̝ ◌̞ ◌̟
U+032x ◌̠ ◌̡ ◌̢ ◌̣ ◌̤ ◌̥ ◌̦ ◌̧ ◌̨ ◌̩ ◌̪ ◌̫ ◌̬ ◌̭ ◌̮ ◌̯
U+033x ◌̰ ◌̱ ◌̲ ◌̳ ◌̴ ◌̵ ◌̶ ◌̷ ◌̸ ◌̹ ◌̺ ◌̻ ◌̼ ◌̽ ◌̾ ◌̿
U+034x ◌̀ ◌́ ◌͂ ◌̓ ◌̈́ ◌ͅ ◌͆ ◌͇ ◌͈ ◌͉ ◌͊ ◌͋ ◌͌ ◌͍ ◌͎  CGJ 
U+035x ◌͐ ◌͑ ◌͒ ◌͓ ◌͔ ◌͕ ◌͖ ◌͗ ◌͘ ◌͙ ◌͚ ◌͛ ◌͜◌ ◌͝◌ ◌͞◌ ◌͟◌
U+036x ◌͠◌ ◌͡◌ ◌͢◌ ◌ͣ ◌ͤ ◌ͥ ◌ͦ ◌ͧ ◌ͨ ◌ͩ ◌ͪ ◌ͫ ◌ͬ ◌ͭ ◌ͮ ◌ͯ
Notes
1.^As of Unicode version 18.0

Codepoints U+032A and U+0346–034A are IPA symbols:

Codepoints U+034B–034E are IPA diacritics for disordered speech:

  • U+034B ◌͋: nasal escape
  • U+034C ◌͌: velopharyngeal friction
  • U+034D ◌͍: labial spreading
  • U+034E ◌͎: whistled articulation

U+034F is the "combining grapheme joiner" (CGJ) and has no visible glyph.

Codepoints U+035C–0362 are double diacritics, diacritic signs placed across two letters.

Codepoints U+0363–036F are medieval superscript letter diacritics, letters written directly above other letters appearing in medieval Germanic manuscripts, but in some instances in use until as late as the 19th century. For example, U+0364 is an e written above the preceding letter, to be used for (Early) New High German umlaut notation, such as uͤ for Modern German ü.

Combining Diacritical Marks Extended (1AB0–1AFF)

[edit]
Combining Diacritical Marks Extended[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1ABx ◌᪰ ◌᪱ ◌᪲ ◌᪳ ◌᪴ ◌᪵ ◌᪶ ◌᪷ ◌᪸ ◌᪹ ◌᪺ ◌᪻ ◌᪼ ◌᪽ ◌᪾ ◌ᪿ
U+1ACx ◌ᫀ ◌᫁ ◌᫂ ◌᫃ ◌᫄ ◌᫅ ◌᫆ ◌᫇ ◌᫈ ◌᫉ ◌᫊ ◌᫋ ◌ᫌ ◌ᫍ ◌ᫎ ◌᫏
U+1ADx ◌᫐ ◌᫑ ◌᫒ ◌᫓ ◌᫔ ◌᫕ ◌᫖ ◌᫗ ◌᫘ ◌᫙ ◌᫚ ◌᫛ ◌᫜ ◌᫝ ◌᫞ ◌᫟
U+1AEx ◌᫠ ◌᫡ ◌᫢ ◌᫣ ◌᫤ ◌᫥ ◌᫦ ◌᫧ ◌᫨ ◌᫩ ◌᫪ ◌᫫ ◌᫬ ◌᫭ ◌᫮ ◌᫯
U+1AFx ◌᫰
Notes
1.^As of Unicode version 18.0
2.^Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement (1DC0–1DFF)

[edit]
Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+1DCx ◌᷀ ◌᷁ ◌᷂ ◌᷃ ◌᷄ ◌᷅ ◌᷆ ◌᷇ ◌᷈ ◌᷉ ◌᷊ ◌᷋ ◌᷌ ◌᷍ ◌᷎ ◌᷏
U+1DDx ◌᷐ ◌᷑ ◌᷒ ◌ᷓ ◌ᷔ ◌ᷕ ◌ᷖ ◌ᷗ ◌ᷘ ◌ᷙ ◌ᷚ ◌ᷛ ◌ᷜ ◌ᷝ ◌ᷞ ◌ᷟ
U+1DEx ◌ᷠ ◌ᷡ ◌ᷢ ◌ᷣ ◌ᷤ ◌ᷥ ◌ᷦ ◌ᷧ ◌ᷨ ◌ᷩ ◌ᷪ ◌ᷫ ◌ᷬ ◌ᷭ ◌ᷮ ◌ᷯ
U+1DFx ◌ᷰ ◌ᷱ ◌ᷲ ◌ᷳ ◌ᷴ ◌᷵ ◌᷶ ◌᷷ ◌᷸ ◌᷹ ◌᷺ ◌᷻ ◌᷼ ◌᷽ ◌᷾ ◌᷿
Notes
1.^As of Unicode version 18.0

Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols (20D0–20FF)

[edit]
Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+20Dx ◌⃐ ◌⃑ ◌⃒ ◌⃓ ◌⃔ ◌⃕ ◌⃖ ◌⃗ ◌⃘ ◌⃙ ◌⃚ ◌⃛ ◌⃜ ◌⃝ ◌⃞ ◌⃟
U+20Ex ◌⃠ ◌⃡ ◌⃢ ◌⃣ ◌⃤ ◌⃥ ◌⃦ ◌⃧ ◌⃨ ◌⃩ ◌⃪ ◌⃫ ◌⃬ ◌⃭ ◌⃮ ◌⃯
U+20Fx ◌⃰
Notes
1.^As of Unicode version 18.0
2.^Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Combining Half Marks (FE20–FE2F)

[edit]
Combining Half Marks[1]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
U+FE2x ◌︠ ◌︡ ◌︢ ◌︣ ◌︤ ◌︥ ◌︦ ◌︧ ◌︨ ◌︩ ◌︪ ◌︫ ◌︬ ◌︭ ◌︮ ◌︯
Notes
1.^As of Unicode version 18.0

OpenType

[edit]

OpenType has the ccmp "feature tag" to define glyphs that are compositions or decompositions involving combining characters, the mark tag to define the positioning of combining characters onto base glyph, and mkmk for the positionings of combining characters onto each other.

Zalgo text

[edit]
Main article: Zalgo text
A sentence of Zalgo text

Combining characters have been used to create Zalgo text, which is text that appears "corrupted" or "creepy" due to an overuse of combining characters. This causes the text to extend vertically, overlapping other text.[2] This is mostly used in horror contexts on the Internet. It is typically very challenging for most software to render, so the combining marks are often reduced or completely stripped off.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ For example, when converting between windows-1258 and VISCII, the former uses combining diacritics whilst the latter has a large selection of precomposed characters so a converter using a simple mapping between code values and Unicode code points will corrupt text when converting between them.
  2. ^ Korpela, Jukka K. "How does Zalgo text work?". Stack Overflow. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
[edit]

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

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Wikipedia

Combining character

In digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters. The most common combining characters in the Latin script are the combining diacritical marks (including combining accents). Unicode also contains many precomposed characters, so that in many cases it is possible to use both combining diacritics and precomposed characters, at the user's or application's choice. This leads to a requirement to perform Unicode normalization before comparing two Unicode strings and to carefully design encoding converters to correctly map all of the valid ways to represent a character in Unicode to a legacy encoding to avoid data loss. In Unicode, the main block of combining diacritics for European languages and the International Phonetic Alphabet is U+0300–U+036F. Combining diacritical marks are also present in many other blocks of Unicode characters. In Unicode, diacritics are always added after the main character (in contrast to some older combining character sets such as ANSEL), and it is possible to add several diacritics to the same character, including stacked diacritics above and below, though some systems may not render these well.

MORE →
Wikipedia

Combining Diacritical Marks

Combining Diacritical Marks is a Unicode block containing the most common combining characters. It also contains the character "Combining Grapheme Joiner", which prevents canonical reordering of combining characters, and despite the name, actually separates characters that would otherwise be considered a single grapheme in a given context. Its block name in Unicode 1.0 was Generic Diacritical Marks.

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Wikipedia

Combining

Combining may refer to: Combine harvester use in agriculture Combining capacity, in chemistry Combining character, in digital typography Combining form, in linguistics Combining grapheme joiner, Unicode character that has no visible glyph Combining Cyrillic Millions, as above but for one million Combining like terms, in algebra Combining low line, underline, in typography Combining macron below, Unicode combining diacritical mark Combining weight, system of chemical weights created by Ernst Gottfried Fischer Custom combining, in agriculture harvesting Diversity combining, in telecommunications Food combining, in nutrition Maximal-ratio combining, in telecommunications Protein combining, in nutrition Write-combining, in computing

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Wikipedia

Double grave accent

The double grave accent (◌̏) is a diacritic used in scholarly discussions of the Serbo-Croatian and sometimes Slovene languages. It is also used in the International Phonetic Alphabet. In Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian, double grave accent is used to indicate a short falling tone, though in discussion of Slovenian, a single grave accent is also often used for this purpose. The double grave accent is found in both Latin and Cyrillic; however, it is not used in the everyday orthography of any language, only in discussions of phonology. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the double grave accent is used to indicate extra-low tone. The letters a, e, i, o, r, u, and their Cyrillic equivalents а, е, и, о, р, and у can all be found with the double grave accent. Unicode provides precomposed characters for the uppercase and the lowercase Latin letters but not the Cyrillic letters. The Cyrillic letters can be formed using the combining character for the double grave, U+030F ◌̏ COMBINING DOUBLE GRAVE ACCENT. The combining character can also be used with IPA vowel symbols, if necessary.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

What prosperous Tulsa district became widely known as “Black Wall Street”?

The Greenwood District.