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In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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Common-interest development (CID) is one of the fastest growing types of housing development scheme in the some parts of the world today.[1][2] They include condominiums, community apartments, planned developments, and stock cooperatives.[3][4]
A CID's ownership benefits are having rights to an undivided interest in common areas and amenities that might prove to be too expensive to be solely owned. For example, an owner would like to have a pool but cannot afford one. When buying a condominium with a pool in a CID of one hundred units, an owner would have use of that pool for basically one-hundredth of the cost due to sharing the cost with the other 99 owners.[5] Timeshare, or vacation ownership, is the same concept. Buying a second home for vacation purposes might not be financially possible; buying a week or two can be when sharing the overall costs with other participants.
Within the United States, when a CID is developed, the developer is required to incorporate (in a form) a homeowner association (HOA) prior to any property sales. The role of the HOA is to manage the CID once the control is transferred from the developer. The HOA governs the CID based upon the incorporated covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs) which were recorded when the property was subdivided.[citation needed] The CC&Rs will outline the financial budgeting guideline for the HOA in determining the dollar amount in maintenance fees for assessing the owners. In a wholly owned CID, maintenance fees would normally be assessed on a monthly basis.
The following table shows the spread of Common Interest Developments in the United States.
| Spread of common interest developments[6] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| CIDs | Housing units (in millions) | Residents (in millions) | |
| 1970 | 10,000 | 0.7 | 2.1 |
| 1980 | 36,000 | 3.6 | 9.6 |
| 1990 | 130,000 | 11.6 | 29.6 |
| 2000 | 222,500 | 17.8 | 45.2 |
| 2010 | 311,600 | 24.8 | 62.0 |
| 2017 | 344,500 | 26.6 | 70.0 |
According to the Community Associations Institute, between 22 and 24 percent of the entire U.S. population in 2017 lived in community associations. The two leading states with CIDs are California, where around 9,327,000 people lived in a CID, and Florida, where about 9,753,000 lived in a Community Interest Development.[6]
In his 2019 Devane Lecture series at Yale University, Professor Ian Shapiro identified three primary threats to American democracy posed by the spread of CIDs.[7]
The CID Boards are often undemocratic. HOA board members are selected prior to the construction of the development and are only very rarely elected to their positions. However, in their communities, they take on the responsibilities and functions of municipal government officials.[7]
"As seen in Albert O. Hirschman's Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, there are problems here about entry, because if all of the housing in parts of the country are built in these developments and can pick [the type of consumers they will] serve, what about homeless people? Where are homeless people going to wind up? They're going to wind up on the streets of San Francisco or somewhere like that. Because if you want to buy into one of these residences, they don't want you unless they can ensure you can pay. You're going to go through financial screening. You're going to have to prove you can afford to live in the place. People who can't are going to wind up not getting served. If you try to do housing through this type of market, there's going to be a market failure that's probably going to be quite costly for governments."[7]
"Douglas W. Rae has an essay titled Democratic Liberty and the Tyrannies of Place, which points to the fact that we're becoming an increasingly segmented democracy. That is, people tend to spend time around people that are like themselves. Of course, CIDs greatly facilitate that because people will sort by income or go to the ones in Florida, often by ethnic group - into these relatively homogenous certainly financially homogenous, groups. We know from Cass R. Sunstein that like-minded people, if they talk to one another, tend to become more extreme. So if we get an increasingly segmented democracy of people only hanging around people who look and talk like themselves, this will reinforce a lot of the divisions contributing to the polarization of the electorate. This reinforces the "out of sight, out of mind" mentality about people not like themselves."[7]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Common-interest development (CID) is one of the fastest growing types of housing development scheme in the some parts of the world today. They include condominiums, community apartments, planned developments, and stock cooperatives.
The Davis–Stirling Common Interest Development Act is the popular name of the portion of the California Civil Code beginning with section 4000, which governs condominium, cooperative, and planned unit development communities in California. Contrary to what the title of the Act suggests, the bill was authored/drafted by University of San Diego School of Law Professor Katharine N. Rosenberry while she served as a Senior Consultant to the California Assembly Select Committee on Common Interest Developments. Assemblymen Lawrence W. "Larry" Stirling and Gray Davis added their names as authors prior to the bill being passed/enacted by the California State Legislature in September 1985. The Act was comprehensively reorganized and recodified by Assembly Bill 805 as of 2014.
Reserves for common-interest developments are funds (reserves) collected for the long-term maintenance or replacements of the common areas in a common-interest development (CID). The funds accumulate until they are needed for such. In a common-interest development, the funds are managed through a board of directors (BOD) elected by the homeowners' association (HOA) from the existing owners. The board performs its duties based upon the covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs). As outlined in the CC&Rs the board is responsible for producing budgets for the maintenance fees to be assessed to the owners. A reserve study is a coordinated effort between HOA management, BOD, contractors/vendors, interior designers, architects, engineers, accountants, investment counselors and sometimes lenders for producing an overall reserve plan. The process begins with the identification of the individual common area items (or reserve items) which need to be reserved for in the reserve study analysis. There is a standardized four-part test for determining if an asset is appropriate for reserve designation: The asset must be a common area maintenance responsibility The asset must have a useful life The asset must have a predictable remaining useful life The asset must be above a minimum threshold cost Once the reserve items have been identified and established as the reserve component list, the following information will then be determined for each item by the professionals outlined above: Project description (e.g. "fence - paint" or "fence - replace") Description/quantity Useful life Remaining useful life Current replacement cost Additional useful information such as: Cost basis (current cost by square yards, linear feet, each, etc.) Freight and labor (costs to receive and install) Salvage (estimated value of the item when replaced, if any) Date placed in service or the date last maintained or replaced From this a reserve financial plan and budget is created to determine the amount to be assessed to the owners in their maintenance fees. Since the governing body is charged with the responsibility of maintaining and protecting the association's assets, it is important that cash reserves are available in case major repairs or replacements are needed. The most equitable way is a process whereby financial assets (reserve funds) accumulate over time as physical assets (fixed components) wear out. Insufficient funding of reserves could lead to financial difficulties for the association. Major repairs and unexpected expenses may not be covered, putting a burden on homeowners. A lack of reserve funds could result in the imposition of special assessments or loans, which would affect the financial stability of the community and property values. One of the toughest challenges for reserve (fund and facility) analysis and reporting has always been the timeshare/shared ownership/vacation rental industry. Typically, nearly two-thirds of the total replacement/maintenance costs for a particular property are associated with apartment interiors, with the remainder for common area facilities. It is critical for reserve advisors to plan ahead for most estates of this type, or the process can become unmanageable. All associations, regardless of size, must prepare a reserve study, unless the total replacement cost is less than 50% of the association's gross budget, excluding the association's reserve account for the period. The reserve fund is for the repair, replacement, restoration, or maintenance of major components of the general area.
Hidden Valley Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) and gated subdivision in Lake County, California, United States. It is a common-interest development managed by the Hidden Valley Lake Association (HVLA). Its population was 6,235 at the 2020 census, up from 5,579 at the 2010 census.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.
