Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
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Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
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Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
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People
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
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Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
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Events
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
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MY'STORY
The MOVE Fire
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.
In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
The MOVE Fire
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing.
One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation.
And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.
BHP gathered finds from its connected research sources.
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strongest Black History matches.
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: new owner, website structure changed, CASP+ outdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(October 2025)
In 2010, CompTIA moved its headquarters into a new office space in a facility in Downers Grove, Illinois.[3] By 2014, over one million people worldwide had earned A+ certification.[4] CompTIA established a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization called Creating IT Futures.[5]
The CompTIA portal moved to a hybrid version of the open-access model in April 2014 with exclusive content for dues-paying members.[6][7] The move expanded the organization's reach to engage a broader, more diverse set of members, and within a year, CompTIA's membership grew from 2,050 members to more than 50,000 in 2015.[8]
Skillsboost, CompTIA's online resource for schools, was launched in June 2015. It contained resources for students, parents and teachers to promote the importance of computer skills.[9][10] CompTIA Vendor Summit is an annual conference exclusively for people attending ChannelCon that attempts to address issues within the IT industry.[11] CompTIA held its first annual ChannelCon Vendor Summit in 2015.
By the close of 2016, the organization claimed to have more than 100,000 members worldwide.[citation needed] In January 2017, CompTIA launched an IT professional association built on its acquisition of the Association of Information Technology Professionals.[12][13]
The organization releases industry studies to track industry trends and changes. Over 2.2 million people have earned CompTIA certifications since the association was established[14] and certifications are issued in over 120 countries. CompTIA administers its exams through Pearson VUE testing centers.
All certifications issued by CompTIA expire 3 years after obtainment, reissuance requires repurchase and retesting.[15] However, certifications issued prior to January 1, 2011, do not expire.[16] Almost all certifications have accreditation from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on dates valid from 2008 till 2028 available on the ANSI website.[17][18][19][20]
Tech+: covers IT concepts of the industry. It is similar to A+ Core 1 but includes light programming and databases. Those with this certification may include Associates in IT Sales or Computer Technicians. Tech+ is a great certification for those on a budget, switching careers and want to show that they can operate and troubleshoot computers and phones. Additionally, Tech+ replaced ITF+ (IT Fundamentals).[21] Both do not expire and are valid for life.
A+: recognized as the long-time industry standard for entry-level IT roles. Those with this certification may include IT Sales, Computer Technicians, Network Technicians and Help Desk. The A+ requires 2 Exams. Core 1 covers troubleshooting and maintaining computers, phones, printers, and networking. Core 2 focuses on operating systems, end of life, deployment and very few hardware questions. When compared to Tech+, A+ Core 1 is more heavy on Networking and also includes Performance Based Questions at the beginning of the Exam. These Questions are designed to simulate real world screnarios, however they can be vague. Tech+ does not include PBQs and is less broad on Networking. Additionally, unlike Tech+, which is Good For Life, the A+ must be renewed every 3 years. For more information, see the section on Certification Expiration below.
Network+: Used to measure skill as a Network Technician.
Security+: security certification that builds off of the network security knowledge covered by the Network+ certification, which though recommended, is not required beforehand.[22]
Cloud+: both cloud computing and virtualization. Maps to DOD 8570 Standards.[23]
Cloud Essentials: a pathway to the Cloud+ credential.
CySA+: Cybersecurity Analyst; The certification focuses on cyber-threat detection tools and analysis to identify vulnerabilities and risks. In January 2018, the certification was renamed from CSA+ to CySA+ as a result of a trademark dispute.[24]
Data+: focuses on data mining, manipulating data, visualizing & reporting data, statistical methods, and governance.
DataSys+
Linux+: A single exam known as XK0-004[25] that is renewable through the CE program,[26] the certification covers Linux operating systems, from their installation and use to the basics of applicable free software and open sourcelicenses. Was formerly a two-part exam LX0-103 and LX0-104 in partnership with Linux Professional Institute.[27]
PenTest+: intermediate-level certification focusing on penetration testing. covers risk analysis, threat detection, and penetration testing and ethical hacking tools and methodologies.[28] Currently aligns with the DOD 8570 standard.
Server+: focuses on server-specific hardware and operating systems, IT environments, disaster recovery and business continuity.[29] Server+ had updates released in 2005, 2009, 2018, and 2021.[30]
CompTIA Advanced Security Practitioner (CASP+) is the highest level certification in CompTIA's cybersecurity pathway after Security+, CySA+, and PenTest+. The CASP+ certification was accredited by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) on December 13, 2011.[17] The CASP+ exam will certify that the successful candidate has the technical knowledge and skills required to conceptualize, design, and engineer secure solutions across complex enterprise environments. In March 2013, the U.S. Department of Defense approved the certification as a baseline certification accepted for Information Assurance Technical Level III, IS Manager Level II and IA Systems Architect and Engineer Levels I and II.[31] The name of CASP+ is being changed to SecurityX upon the release of exam version CAS-005 in December 2024.[32] (Note: For A+ up through CASP+ one can renew or extend their certification by satisfying in these cases 20 to 75 CEUs a.k.a. "Continuing Education Units," over the three-year period.)[33]
Project+: In 2001, CompTIA acquired the Project+project management certification program from Gartner. The program, previously called "IT Project+", was updated in 2003.[34][35]
Healthcare IT Technician certification focused on IT in the healthcare industry and was aimed at IT professionals who install and maintain electronic health record systems. Retired on February 28, 2017.[37][38]
Certified Technical Trainer (CTT+) certification is a vendor-neutral certification that is applicable to training professionals in all industries. Originally administered in 2001 through The Chauncey Institute, the CTT program was acquired by CompTIA and renamed as CTT+. It was created through a collaboration of the Information Technology Training Association, Inc. (ITTA) and the Computer Education Management Association (CedMA).[39] Retired on October 31, 2023, although anyone who had earned the CTT+ certification will remain certified after the retirement date.[40]
CompTIA offers trustmarks to businesses to certify their security capabilities and credentials.
The CompTIA Security Trustmark+ is based on the NIST Cybersecurity Framework and demonstrates compliance with key industry regulations such as PCI-DSS, SSAE-16, HIPAA, and others reliant on the NIST Framework. It is based on a third-party assessment of security policies, procedures and operations.
CompTIA offered additional trustmarks, a Managed Services Trustmark and Managed Print Trustmark, that were retired on September 30, 2021.[42]
Previously, CompTIA marketed its flagship A+, Network+, and Security+ certifications as being valid for a lifetime. In January 2011, CompTIA changed the status of these certifications so that they would expire every three years. Under this proposal, certified individuals would have to re-certify for the exams or pay a yearly maintenance fee for a CEU (Continuing Education Units) system. CompTIA modified the guidelines so that only certificates received after January 1, 2011, would need to be renewed every three years and would require documented continuing education hours.[47] The un-expirable certificates, issued before 2011, are officially called Good-for-Life; updating the Good-for-Life certification with an expirable certification does not replace the Good-for-Life certification.[48]
^Peter H. Gregory, Bill Hughes (April 24, 2015). Getting a Networking Job For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons.
^Edwards, Jason (May 14, 2024). The Comprehensive Guide to Cybersecurity Careers: A Professional's Roadmap for the Digital Security Age. J. Ross Publishing. pp. Chapter 3: Certifications and Their Significance. ISBN978-1-60427-202-4.
^Shebli, Hessa Mohammed Zaher Al; Beheshti, Babak D. (2018). A study on penetration testing process and tools. 2018 IEEE Long Island Systems, Applications and Technology Conference (LISAT). pp. 1–7. doi:10.1109/LISAT.2018.8378035. ISBN978-1-5386-5029-5.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
Which Supreme Court case ruled state-sponsored public-school segregation unconstitutional?
Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
HAVE YOU CHECKED OUT...?
Have You Seen What Greenwood Built?
Black Wall Street is often introduced through the destruction of 1921, but Greenwood existed before the massacre as a thriving Black community. Businesses, professionals, property owners and institutions created an economic ecosystem under segregation. The fuller story begins with the achievement before examining the attack.
