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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Comprehensive Peace Accord | |
|---|---|
| Type | Peace |
| Context | Nepalese Civil War |
| Signed | 21 November 2006 |
| Location | Kathmandu, Nepal |
| Original signatories | Girija Prasad Koirala (Prime Minister of Nepal) |
| Parties | Government of Nepal and Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) |
| Language | Nepali |
The Comprehensive Peace Accord (Nepali: विस्तृत शान्ति सम्झौता; abbreviated CPA) was signed on 21 November 2006 between the Government of Nepal and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)—at the time known as the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).[1]
The peace accord marked the formal end of the Nepalese Civil War that began in 1996. It included the following provisions:
 | This section needs to be updated. (May 2022) |
CPA's implementation has been a topic of intense debate over the years.
The Maoist army was confined within temporary cantonments that were verified and monitored by the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN), with their arms locked in the cantonment and guarded by UNMIN. An equal number of arms of Nepal Army were also guarded by UNMIN. As of 2007, properties confiscated by Maoists had not been fully returned.[2][3][4]
There was disagreement between Maoists and other parties on issues of integration of the Maoist army into the Nepal army. Former Prime Minister Madav Kumar Nepal said that the Maoist army would be rehabilitated and integrated into the Nepal Army[5] but key coalition partners of the Nepali Congress and Madhesi Janadhikar Forum were vehemently opposed to the idea.[6][7] Even former Defence Minister Bidhya Devi Bhandari was strongly against the deal.[8]
After a second round of verification, 4,008 verified minor and late recruits were released from cantonments beginning in January 2010.[9][10] Among the released 4,008 ex-combatants from seven main camps and other 21 satellite camps located at various parts of the country, 2,973 were verified minors (who were under 18 when the peace deal was signed on November 21, 2006) and 1,035 were late recruits (recruited after November 21, 2006).[citation needed] As of 2010[update] the United Nations was providing four types of rehabilitation packages for released ex-combatants which include vocational training, sponsoring school education, health education training and supporting small business initiatives.[11] Research was done to identify how the private sector could support the rehabilitation program and help in consolidating peace.[12]
The demobilization process was concluded in 2013, and most former Maoist fighters opted for integration into the Nepalese military or voluntary discharge, with a handful registering for rehabilitation.[13] Progress on the rehabilitation package for Maoist combatants went underway in 2011, and this process also concluded in 2013 with the reintegration of approximately 16,000 ex-combatants.[14]
Nepal has attempted to pass transitional justice legislation multiple times. In 2008, legislation to establish the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was introduced, as well as legislation to establish the Commission of Investigation on Enforced Disappeared Persons (CIEDP), though both bills were later withdrawn by the government.[15]
On 10 February 2015,[16] the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established, with Ganesh Dutta Bhatta as chairperson.[17]
In 2024, Nepal adopted a transitional justice law, officially titled "A Bill to Amend the Disappeared Persons’ Enquiry, Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act, 2071."[18] The bill has received criticism due to the lack of involvement of civil society or victims and their families in its development.[18]
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Comprehensive Peace Accord (Nepali: विस्तृत शान्ति सम्झौता; abbreviated CPA) was signed on 21 November 2006 between the Government of Nepal and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)—at the time known as the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).
The Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction (Nepali: शान्ति तथा पुनर्निर्माण मन्त्रालय) is a Nepali ministry, tasked with ensuring peace and security. It was formed in 2007 after the Government signed the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA) with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre) and is mandated to implement the CPA.
Shree Panch Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (born 7 July 1947) is the former King of Nepal and the last monarch of Kingdom of Nepal. He ascended the throne on 4 June 2001 following the royal massacre and reigned until 28 May 2008, when the monarchy was abolished and the democratic republic was proclaimed. He had previously reigned from 7 November 1950 to 7 January 1951, when the Rana regime declared him king at the age of three after his grandfather, King Tribhuvan, and the royal family fled to India. His brief reign ended with Tribhuvan's restoration to the throne. During the reign of his elder brother, King Birendra, King Gyanendra served as chairman of his father, King Mahendra' s Trust for Nature Conservation. King Gyanendra's second reign, which began as a result of the Nepalese royal massacre, was characterised by constitutional upheaval. The growing insurgency of the Nepalese Civil War disrupted representative elections. Following several election delays, King Gyanendra suspended the constitution and assumed direct rule in February 2005, claiming that it was a temporary measure to suppress the Maoist insurgency after civilian governments failed to do so. In April 2006, facing widespread opposition, he restored Nepal's previous parliament. Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord between the government and the Maoists, he was deposed two years later by the first session of the Constituent Assembly, which declared a republic and ended the 240-year rule of the Shah dynasty.
The Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) was a protracted and countrywide armed conflict in the then Kingdom of Nepal between the Kingdom's rulers and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), with the latter making significant use of guerrilla warfare. It began on 13 February 1996, when the CPN(M) initiated an insurgency with the stated purpose of overthrowing the Nepali monarchy and establishing a people's republic. It ended with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Accord on 21 November 2006. The conflict was characterized by numerous crimes against humanity, including murders, purges, kidnappings, and rapes. More than 17,000 people (including both civilians and armed forces) were killed during the conflict, including over 4,000 Nepalese killed by Maoists from 1996 to 2005, and over 8,200 Nepalese killed by government forces from 1996 to 2005. The Commission for Investigation of Enforced Disappearances has received 3,093 complaints.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.
