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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| CrypTool | |
|---|---|
 E-Learning Program for Cryptography | |
| Developer | Bernhard Esslinger |
| Release | 1998 |
| Stable release | CT 1.4.42 (December 2021) CT 2.1 (release 2024.1) (January 2024) |
| Operating system | CT1 and CT2: Microsoft Windows, JCT: Win, Linux and macOS |
| Type | Cryptography, Encryption, Privacy, E-Learning |
| License | Apache Licence 2.0 |
| Website | www |
| Repository | |
CrypTool is an open-source project[1] that is a free e-learning software for illustrating cryptographic and cryptanalytic concepts.
The development of CrypTool started in 1998. Originally developed by German companies and universities, it is an open-source project since 2001.[2]
Currently 4 versions of CrypTool are maintained and developed: CrypTool 1 (CT1), CrypTool 2 (CT2), JCrypTool (JCT), and CrypTool-Online (CTO). All are available in English and German.[3]
The goal of the CrypTool project is to make users aware of how cryptography can help against network security threats and to explain the underlying concepts of cryptology.[4]
The development of CT1 started in 1998. It is written in C++ and designed for the Microsoft Windows operating system.
In 2007, development began on two additional projects, both based on a pure-plugin architecture, to serve as successors to the original CT1 program:
The browser software CrypTool-Online (CTO) has been in development since 2010 and is now the one most widely used.
Since 2023, the project has been managed by the CODE research institute at the University of the Bundeswehr Munich.[10]
CrypTool is used in schools, universities,[11] companies and agencies for education and awareness training.[12][13][14]
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
CrypTool is an open-source project that is a free e-learning software for illustrating cryptographic and cryptanalytic concepts.
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), also known by its original name Rijndael (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈrɛindaːl], RAIN-dahl), is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. AES is a variant of the Rijndael block cipher developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, who submitted a proposal to NIST during the AES selection process. Rijndael is a family of ciphers with different key and block sizes. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits. AES has been adopted by the US government. It supersedes the Data Encryption Standard (DES), which was published in 1977. The algorithm described by AES is a symmetric-key algorithm, meaning the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting the data. In the United States, AES was announced by the NIST as the US FIPS PUB 197 (FIPS 197) standard on November 26, 2001. This announcement followed a five-year standardization process in which fifteen competing designs were presented and evaluated, before the Rijndael cipher was selected as the most suitable. AES is included in the ISO/IEC 18033-3 standard. AES became effective as a US federal government standard on May 26, 2002, after approval by US secretary of commerce Donald Evans. AES is available in many different encryption packages, and is the first (and only) publicly accessible cipher approved by the US National Security Agency (NSA) for top secret information when used in an NSA approved cryptographic module.
Elliptic-curve cryptography (ECC) is an approach to public-key cryptography based on the algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields. ECC allows smaller keys to provide equivalent security, compared to cryptosystems based on modular exponentiation in finite fields, such as the RSA cryptosystem and ElGamal cryptosystem. Elliptic curves are applicable for key agreement, digital signatures, pseudo-random generators and other tasks. Indirectly, they can be used for encryption by combining the key agreement with a symmetric encryption scheme. They are also used in several integer factorization algorithms that have applications in cryptography, such as Lenstra elliptic-curve factorization.
Salsa20 (formerly known as Snuffle 2005) and the closely related ChaCha are stream ciphers developed by Daniel J. Bernstein. Salsa20, the original cipher, was designed in 2005, then later submitted to the eSTREAM European Union cryptographic validation process by Bernstein. ChaCha is a modification of Salsa20 published in 2008. It uses a new round function that increases diffusion and increases performance on some architectures. Both ciphers are built on a pseudorandom function based on add–rotate–XOR (ARX) operations — 32-bit addition, bitwise addition (XOR) and rotation operations. The core function maps a 256-bit key, a 64-bit nonce, and a 64-bit counter to a 512-bit block of the key stream (a Salsa version with a 128-bit key also exists). This gives Salsa20 and ChaCha the unusual advantage that the user can efficiently seek to any position in the key stream in constant time. Salsa20 offers speeds of around 4–14 cycles per byte in software on modern x86 processors, and reasonable hardware performance. It is not patented, and Bernstein has written several public domain implementations optimized for common architectures.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Madam C.J. Walker
