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In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (July 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
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Kuchkabal Cupul | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1441–1543 | |||||||||
 Kuchkabals of Yucatan after 1461. | |||||||||
| Capital | Saki | ||||||||
| Common languages | Official language: Yucatec | ||||||||
| Religion | Maya religion | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Halach Uinik | |||||||||
| Historical era | post classic / Early Modern | ||||||||
• Established | 1441 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1543 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Cupul or Kupul (Maya: Kupul, 'toponym; adjective') was the name of a Maya chiefdom at time of the Spanish conquest of Yucatán. Cupul was one of the most extensive and densely populated Maya provinces on the Yucatán Peninsula. It was formed in the mid-fifteenth century after the fall of Mayapan and reached its maximum power during the sixteenth century, at the time of their own Spanish conquest led by the adelantado Francisco de Montejo.
According to the Encyclopedia Yucatán in time, the name comes from the Maya word ku-pul, meaning that throws the bouncing, referring to the Maya ballplayers that existed in the region.
Ralph Roys instead says that Cupul was named for a lineage, and its name referred to a type of vine called cup in Maya (Calopogonium caeruleum).[1]
Unlike other kuchkabals, Cupul did not have a halach uinik. Like other kuchkabals, it was divided into several municipalities called "Batalib" which in turn were governed by officials called Batab. The batalib were Panaba, Tsonot, Temozón, Cucumul, Tixcacalcupul, and Uayumhá. It was common for the batalib of Cupul to go to war with one another, sometimes even if they were ruled by the same family. Some batalib went to war with Ah Kin Chel and Chikinchel, but Cupul's relations with Sotuta and Cochuah generally seem to have been more peaceful. The eponymous Cupul lineage was prominent and ruled or were influential in many towns of the province. Other numerous lineages included the Cauich, May, Canul, Noh and Ppol.[2]
On the religious side, after the Halach Uinik was the Ah Kin May and the regular priests Ah Kin (meaning coming from the Sun). There also was a sacrificial priest called "Ah Nacom".
Since the tenth century, The League of Mayapan had been the main power in The Yucatan Peninsula. In 1440 the governor of Cupul known as Ek Balam founded a town of the same name.
In 1441 the league had a civil war between the Cocom and Tutul Xiues. The rest of the league took advantage of the war, and rebelled. By 1461 The League of Mayapan had been completely disintegrated into seventeen Kuchkabals.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Cupul or Kupul (Maya: Kupul, 'toponym; adjective') was the name of a Maya chiefdom at time of the Spanish conquest of Yucatán. Cupul was one of the most extensive and densely populated Maya provinces on the Yucatán Peninsula. It was formed in the mid-fifteenth century after the fall of Mayapan and reached its maximum power during the sixteenth century, at the time of their own Spanish conquest led by the adelantado Francisco de Montejo.
Tizimín Airfield (Spanish: Aeropuerto de Tizimín), also known as Aeropuerto Nacional Cupul (Cupul National Airport) (IATA: TZM) was an airfield located in Tizimín, Yucatan, Mexico. It served as the main airport for Tizimín, primarily accommodating general aviation activities. Over time, the airfield has been abandoned, with a new police station constructed on the eastern end of the runway. The closest airports currently handling commercial flights are Mérida International Airport and Cancún International Airport.
The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu pronounced [taˈwantiŋ ˈsuju], lit. 'land of four parts'), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The Inca civilisation rose from the Peruvian highlands sometime in the early 13th century. The Portuguese explorer Aleixo Garcia was the first European to reach the Inca Empire in 1524. Later, in 1532, the Spanish began the conquest of the Inca Empire, and by 1572 the last Inca state was fully conquered. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas incorporated a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean Mountains, using conquest and peaceful assimilation, among other methods. At its largest, the empire joined modern-day Peru with what are now western Ecuador, western and south-central Bolivia, northwest Argentina, the southwesternmost tip of Colombia and a large portion of modern-day Chile, forming a state comparable to the historical empires of Eurasia. Its official language was Quechua. The Inca Empire was unique in that it lacked many of the features associated with civilization in the Old World. The anthropologist Gordon McEwan wrote that the Incas were able to construct "one of the greatest imperial states in human history" without the use of the wheel, draft animals, knowledge of iron or steel, or even a system of writing. Notable features of the Inca Empire included its monumental architecture, especially stonework, extensive road network (Qhapaq Ñan) reaching all corners of the empire, finely-woven textiles, use of knotted strings (quipu or khipu) for record keeping and communication, agricultural innovations and production in a difficult environment, and the organization and management fostered or imposed on its people and their labor. The Inca Empire functioned largely without money and without markets. Instead, exchange of goods and services was based on reciprocity between individuals and among individuals, groups, and Inca rulers. "Taxes" consisted of a labour obligation of a person to the Empire. The Inca rulers (who theoretically owned all the means of production) reciprocated by granting access to land and goods and providing food and drink in celebratory feasts for their subjects. Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred huacas or wak'a, but the Inca leadership encouraged the sun worship of Inti – their sun god – and imposed its sovereignty above other religious groups, such as that of Pachamama. The Incas considered their king, the Sapa Inca, to be the "son of the Sun". The Inca economy has been the subject of scholarly debate. Darrell E. La Lone, in his work The Inca as a Nonmarket Economy, noted that scholars have previously described it as "feudal, slave, [or] socialist", as well as "a system based on reciprocity and redistribution; a system with markets and commerce; or an Asiatic mode of production."
Reptiles, as commonly defined, are tetrapod vertebrate animals with an ectothermic metabolism and amniotic development. Reptiles traditionally comprise four orders: Testudines (turtles), Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators and gharials), Squamata (lizards and snakes) and Rhynchocephalia (tuatara), with about 12,000 extant species listed in the Reptile Database. The study of the traditional reptile orders, customarily in combination with the study of modern amphibians, is called herpetology. Reptiles have been subject to several conflicting taxonomic definitions. In classical evolutionary taxonomy, reptiles are gathered together under the class Reptilia ( rep-TIL-ee-ə), which corresponds to common usage. Modern cladistic taxonomy regards that group as paraphyletic, since genetic and paleontological evidence has determined that birds (class Aves) are the only surviving group of Dinosauria, a major clade of diapsids that are more closely related to crocodilians than to other living reptiles, and thus birds are nested among reptiles (under the clade Archosauria) from a phylogenetic perspective. Many cladistic systems therefore redefine Reptilia as a clade (monophyletic group) including birds, though the precise definition of this clade varies between authors. A similar concept is clade Sauropsida, which refers to all amniotes more closely related to modern reptiles than to mammals. The earliest known members of the reptile lineage appeared during the late Carboniferous period, having evolved from advanced reptiliomorph tetrapods which became increasingly adapted to life on dry land. Genetic and fossil data argues that the two largest lineages of reptiles, Archosauromorpha (crocodilians, birds, and kin) and Lepidosauromorpha (lizards, and kin), diverged during the Permian period. In addition to the living reptiles, there are many diverse groups that are now extinct, in some cases due to mass extinction events. In particular, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event wiped out the pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, and all non-avian dinosaurs alongside many species of crocodyliforms and squamates (e.g., mosasaurs). Modern non-bird reptiles inhabit all the continents except Antarctica. Extant reptiles range in size from the tiny Jaragua dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus ariasae), which only grow up to 17 mm (0.7 in); to the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus), which can reach over 6 m (19.7 ft) in length and weigh over 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). As tetrapods, reptiles generally have four limbs or, in the case of snakes and legless lizards, are descended from four-limbed ancestors but have lost the limbs through evolution. Unlike the anamniotic amphibians, reptiles do not rely on waterbodies for reproduction and have no aquatic larval stage. Most reptiles are oviparous with shelled eggs, although several species of squamates are viviparous, as were some extinct marine reptile clades. As amniotes, reptile eggs have extraembryonic membranes that retain water and facilitate biochemical exchange with the external environment, allowing reptiles to reproduce on dry land, even in extreme, arid habitats. Viviparous species have the eggs developing and hatching inside the mother's body, usually by internal incubation, although some species can nourish the eggs as fetuses through various forms of placenta analogs, with some providing initial parental care for their hatchlings.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
