Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
MS-DOS / PC DOS and some related disk operating systems use the files mentioned here.
System Files:[1]
Command-line interpreter (Shell):
User configuration files:
Standard DOS utility programs:
Standard DOS device drivers:
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MS-DOS / PC DOS and some related disk operating systems use the files mentioned here. System Files: IO.SYS (or IBMBIO.COM): This contains the system initialization code and builtin device drivers; MSDOS.SYS (or IBMDOS.COM): This contains the DOS kernel. Command-line interpreter (Shell): COMMAND.COM: This is the command interpreter. User configuration files: AUTOEXEC.BAT: This is run by the default shell (usually COMMAND.COM) to execute commands at startup. CONFIG.SYS: This contains statements to configure DOS and load device drivers. Standard DOS utility programs: APPEND: Set a search path for data files. ASSIGN: Redirect requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive. ATTRIB: Set or display file attributes. BACKUP / RESTORE: simple backup and restore utilities. CHKDSK: Check disk for file system integrity. COMP: File compare utility. DEBUG: Simple command line debugger. DELTREE: Delete a directory tree. DISKCOMP: Compare floppy disks. DISKCOPY: Copy floppy disks. DOSKEY: Command line editor. EDIT / EDLIN: Very basic text editor(s); EDLIN is in earlier versions. FC: File compare utility. FDISK: Partitions fixed disks. FIND: Find text in files. FORMAT: Formats disks. JOIN: Joins a drive letter to a subdirectory. LABEL: Set or remove a disk volume label. MEM: Display memory usage. MODE: Set modes for system devices. MORE: Display output one screen at a time. MOVE: Move files from one directory to another. PRINT: Print spooler. REPLACE: Replace files. SHARE: File sharing and locking support. SORT: Sorts input. SUBST: Substitutes a drive letter for a subdirectory. SYS: Transfers the system files to another drive to make it bootable. TREE: Display a directory tree. XCOPY: Extended file copy. Standard DOS device drivers: ANSI.SYS: ANSI console driver. EMM386.EXE: Expanded memory manager. HIMEM.SYS: Extended memory manager. RAMDRIVE.SYS / VDISK.SYS: RAM disk; VDISK.SYS is in older versions of MS DOS
A command-line interface (CLI), also known as a command-line shell, is a means of interacting with software via commands – each formatted as a line of text. The concept of interacting with a computer via text evolved over two decades, transitioning from physical hardware to sophisticated software. Before the CLI, computers were programmed using physical switches or punched cards. The shift toward a "command" style interaction began with the use of teleprinters/teletypes. Early systems like the Whirlwind I (1951) at MIT began utilizing typewriter-like inputs for direct control, moving away from batch processing where you'd hand a stack of cards to an operator and wait hours for a result. Devices like the Teletype Model 33, introduced in 1963, allowed operators to type a command and receive a printed response from the computer. The command-line interpreter emerged when computers became powerful enough to handle multiple users at once, known as time-sharing. The Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS), developed in 1961 at MIT, introduced the first true command-line interpreter. For the first time, a user could type a command like LOGIN or PRINT, and a dedicated program (the supervisor) would parse that text and execute the corresponding function. In 1964, Louis Pouzin introduced the software we now recognize as a "shell" for the Multics operating system, providing a programmable environment for executing scripts. Many utilities for operating system management and software development provide CLIs. Many CLIs enable software automation, since commands can be stored in a script file that can be used repeatedly. A script allows its contained commands to be executed as a group (as a single program). Alternatives to a CLI include a GUI (including the desktop metaphor such as Windows), text-based menuing (including DOS Shell and IBM AIX SMIT), and keyboard shortcuts.
This article lists notable commands provided by the MS-DOS disk operating system (DOS), especially as used on an IBM PC compatible computer. Other DOS variants as well as the legacy Windows shell, Command Prompt (cmd.exe), provide many of these commands. Many other DOS variants are informally called DOS, but are not included in the scope of the list. The highly related variant, IBM PC DOS, is included. The list is not intended to be exhaustive, but does include commands covering the various releases. Each command is implemented either as built-in to the command interpreter, COMMAND.COM, or as an external program. Although prevailing style is to write command names in all caps, the interpreter matches ignoring case.
In computing, diskcomp is a command used for comparing the complete contents of a floppy disk to another one.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.