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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Design By Numbers | |
|---|---|
| Paradigm | procedural |
| Designed by | John Maeda |
| Developer | Ben Fry, Tom White |
| First appeared | 1999 |
| Final release | 3.0.1
/ 2003 |
| Typing discipline | strong |
| OS | Windows MacOS 9 Linux (no official support) |
| License | Proprietary |
| File formats | .dbn |
| Website | dbn |
| Influenced by | |
| Smalltalk, Logo | |
| Influenced | |
| Processing | |
Design By Numbers (DBN) is a discontinued programming language and influential experiment in teaching computer programming initiated at the MIT Media Lab during the 1990s. Led by John Maeda and his students, they created software to help designers, artists, and other non-programmers to start programming easily.
The software can be run in a web browser,[1] and published alongside the software was a book[2] and courseware.[3]
Though the project was discontinued, it influenced many other projects aimed at making computer programming more accessible to non-technical people. Its most public result is the language Processing, created by Maeda's students Casey Reas and Ben Fry, who built on the work of DBN and have gone on to international success.[4]
Design By Numbers was developed by the Aesthetics and Computation Group (1996-2003) at the MIT Media Lab.[5]
The first version of DBN was created by John Maeda in 1999. DBN 1.0.1 was developed by Tom White. DBN 2 and 3 by Ben Fry. In late 2002, John Maeda took over the further development of DBN.[5]
Professor Warren Sack provided a toolkit for doing Logo-style graphics in January 22, 2003.[6]
The last version of DBN (3.0.1) was released in 2003. Beta version of DBN 4, developed by Jessica Rosenkrantz, was scheduled for release in August 2003, but was never released. For a time, DBN 4 was intended to be the final version of the language.[5]
In 2005, John Maeda announced that he would continue developing DBN as part of the MIT Physical Language Workshop (PLW) research group. The status of the new version of DBN or its derivatives is unknown.[4] PLW remained active until 2008.[7]
DBN consists of an integrated development environment (IDE) and a programming language.[8]
DBN programs can be written four languages: English (default), Spanish, French, and Japanese. Each command has been translated into the appropriate language, e.g. the equivalents of the command paper are: papel (es), papier (fr), かみ (jp).[9]
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Design By Numbers (DBN) is a discontinued programming language and influential experiment in teaching computer programming initiated at the MIT Media Lab during the 1990s. Led by John Maeda and his students, they created software to help designers, artists, and other non-programmers to start programming easily. The software can be run in a web browser, and published alongside the software was a book and courseware. Though the project was discontinued, it influenced many other projects aimed at making computer programming more accessible to non-technical people. Its most public result is the language Processing, created by Maeda's students Casey Reas and Ben Fry, who built on the work of DBN and have gone on to international success.
The Numbers Station is a 2013 American action thriller film, starring John Cusack and Malin Åkerman, about a burned-out CIA black ops agent assigned to protect the code operator at a secret American numbers station somewhere in the British countryside. The film was directed by Danish director Kasper Barfoed, written by F. Scott Frazier and the camera work was by Icelandic cinematographer Óttar Guðnason with Production Design by Ged Clarke. It was produced by brothers Sean and Bryan Furst of American Furst Films and Nigel Thomas at British production and film finance company Matador Pictures.
In statistics, Box–Behnken designs are experimental designs for response surface methodology, devised by George E. P. Box and Donald Behnken in 1960, to achieve the following goals: Each factor, or independent variable, is placed at one of three equally spaced values, usually coded as −1, 0, +1. (At least three levels are needed for the following goal.) The design should be sufficient to fit a quadratic model, that is, one containing squared terms, products of two factors, linear terms and an intercept. The ratio of the number of experimental points to the number of coefficients in the quadratic model should be reasonable (in fact, their designs kept in the range of 1.5 to 2.6). The estimation variance should more or less depend only on the distance from the centre (this is achieved exactly for the designs with 4 and 7 factors), and should not vary too much inside the smallest (hyper)cube containing the experimental points. (See "rotatability" in "Comparisons of response surface designs".) Box-Behnken design is still considered to be more proficient and more powerful than other designs such as the three-level full factorial design, central composite design (CCD) and Doehlert design, despite its poor coverage of the corner of nonlinear design space. The design with 7 factors was found first while looking for a design having the desired property concerning estimation variance, and then similar designs were found for other numbers of factors. Each design can be thought of as a combination of a two-level (full or fractional) factorial design with an incomplete block design. In each block, a certain number of factors are put through all combinations for the factorial design, while the other factors are kept at the central values. For instance, the Box–Behnken design for 3 factors involves three blocks, in each of which 2 factors are varied through the 4 possible combinations of high and low. It is necessary to include centre points as well (in which all factors are at their central values). In this table, m represents the number of factors which are varied in each of the blocks. The design for 8 factors was not in the original paper. Taking the 9 factor design, deleting one column and any resulting duplicate rows produces an 81 run design for 8 factors, while giving up some "rotatability" (see above). Designs for other numbers of factors have also been invented (at least up to 21). A design for 16 factors exists having only 256 factorial points. Using Plackett–Burmans to construct a 16 factor design (see below) requires only 221 points. Most of these designs can be split into groups (blocks), for each of which the model will have a different constant term, in such a way that the block constants will be uncorrelated with the other coefficients.
In industrial design, preferred numbers (also called preferred values or preferred series) are standard guidelines for choosing exact product dimensions within a given set of constraints. Product developers must choose numerous lengths, distances, diameters, volumes, and other characteristic quantities. While all of these choices are constrained by considerations of functionality, usability, compatibility, safety, or cost, there usually remains considerable leeway in the exact choice for many dimensions. Preferred numbers serve two purposes: Using them increases the probability of compatibility between objects designed at different times by different people. In other words, it is one tactic among many in standardization, whether within a company or within an industry, and it is usually desirable in industrial contexts (unless the goal is vendor lock-in or planned obsolescence). They are chosen such that when a product is manufactured in many different sizes, these will end up roughly equally spaced on a logarithmic scale. They therefore help to minimize the number of different sizes that need to be manufactured or kept in stock. Preferred numbers represent preferences of simple numbers (such as 1, 2, and 5) multiplied by the powers of a convenient basis, usually 10.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
