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The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

Wilmington 1898 — An American Coup

Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.

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Wikipedia

Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system

A self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) is a drug delivery system that uses a microemulsion achieved by chemical rather than mechanical means. That is, by an intrinsic property of the drug formulation, rather than by special mixing and handling. It employs the familiar ouzo effect displayed by anethole in many anise-flavored liquors. Microemulsions have significant potential for use in drug delivery, and SMEDDS (including so-called "U-type" microemulsions) are the best of these systems identified to date.[1] SMEDDS are of particular value in increasing the absorption of lipophilic drugs taken by mouth.

SMEDDS in research or development include formulations of the drugs anethole trithione,[2] oridonin,[3][4][5] curcumin,[6] vinpocetine,[7][8] tacrolimus,[9][10][11] mitotane, berberine hydrochloride,[12] nobiletin,[13] piroxicam,[14][15] anti-malaria drugs beta-artemether[16] and halofantrine,[17][18] anti-HIV drug UC 781,[19][20] nimodipine,[21][22] exemestane,[23] anti-cancer drugs 9-nitrocamptothecin (9-NC)[24] paclitaxel,[25][26] and seocalcitol,[27][28] alprostadil (intraurethral use),[29] probucol,[18][30] itraconazole,[31] fenofibrate,[32] acyclovir,[33] simvastatin,[34][35] xibornol,[36] silymarin,[37][38] alpha-asarone,[39] enilconazole,[19] puerarin (an isoflavone found in Pueraria lobata),[40][41][42][43] atorvastatin,[44][45][46] heparin,[47] carvedilol,[48] ketoconazole,[49] gentamicin,[50] labrasol,[51] flurbiprofen,[52] celecoxib,[53] danazol,[54] cyclosporine,[55] and idebenone.[56]

Actual applications of Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system' (SMEDDS) remain rare. The first drug marketed as a SMEDDS was cyclosporin, and it had significantly improved bioavailability compared with the conventional solution. In the last decade, several SMEDDS loaded with antiviral drugs (ritonavir, saquinavir) were tested for treatment of HIV infection, but the relative improvement in clinical benefit was not significant. The SMEDDS formulation of ritonavir (soft capsules) has been withdrawn in some countries.[57]

Within the last years SMEDDS were also utilized for the oral administration of biologics. Due to ion pairing with appropriate surfactants [58] these mainly hydrophilic macromolecular drugs can be incorporated in the lipophilic phase of SMEDDS. Provided that the oily droplets being formed in the gut are sufficiently stable towards lipases,[59] can permeate the mucus gel layer in sufficient quantities [60] and exhibit permeation enhancing properties [61] the oral bioavailability of various biologics can be strongly improved [62]

SMEDDS offer numerous advantages: spontaneous formation, ease of manufacture, thermodynamic stability, and improved solubilization of bioactive materials.[1] Improved solubility contributes to faster release rates and greater bioavailability. For many drugs taken by mouth, faster release rates improve the drug acceptance by consumers. Greater bioavailability means that less drug need be used; this may lower cost, and does lower the stomach irritation and toxicity of drugs taken by mouth.

For oral use, SMEDDS may be formulated as liquids or solids, the solids packaged in capsules or tablets. Limited studies comparing these report that in terms of bioavailability liquid SMEDDS are superior to solid SMEDDS,[21] which are superior to conventional tablets.[21][42][47] Liquid SMEDDS have also shown value in injectable (IV and urethral) formulations and in a topical (oral) spray.[36]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Spernath A; Aserin A (December 2006). "Microemulsions as carriers for drugs and nutraceuticals". Adv Colloid Interface Sci. 128–130: 47–64. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2006.11.016. PMID 17229398.
  2. ^ Jing Q; Shen Y; Ren F; Chen J; Jiang Z; Peng B; Leng Y; Dong J (November 2006). "HPLC determination of anethole trithione and its application to pharmacokinetics in rabbits". J Pharm Biomed Anal. 42 (5): 613–7. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.05.013. PMID 16824723.
  3. ^ Zhang P; Liu Y; Feng N; Xu J (May 2008). "Preparation and evaluation of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of oridonin". Int J Pharm. 355 (1–2): 269–76. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.026. PMID 18242895.
  4. ^ Liu Y; Zhang P; Feng NP; Zhang X; Xu J (September 2008). "[Release kinetics of oridonin self-microemulsifying drug delivery system in vitro]". Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi (in Chinese). 33 (18): 2049–52. PMID 19160780.
  5. ^ Liu Y; Zhang P; Feng N; Zhang X; Wu S; Zhao J (January 2009). "Optimization and in situ intestinal absorption of self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of oridonin". Int J Pharm. 365 (1–2): 136–42. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.009. PMID 18782611.
  6. ^ Cui J; Yu B; Zhao Y; Zhu W; Li H; Lou H; Zhai G (December 2008). "Enhancement of oral absorption of curcumin by self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems". Int J Pharm. 371 (1–2): 148–55. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.12.009. PMID 19124065.
  7. ^ Chen Y; Li G; Wu X; Chen Z; Hang J; Qin B; Chen S; Wang R (January 2008). "Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of vinpocetine: formulation development and in vivo assessment". Biol. Pharm. Bull. 31 (1): 118–25. doi:10.1248/bpb.31.118. PMID 18175953.
  8. ^ Cui SX; Nie SF; Li L; Wang CG; Pan WS; Sun JP (November 2008). "Preparation and Evaluation of Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System Containing Vinpocetine". Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 35 (5): 603–611. doi:10.1080/03639040802488089. PMID 19040178.
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  62. ^ Hintzen, F; Perera, G; Hauptstein, S; Müller, C; Laffleur, F; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2014). "In vivo evaluation of an oral self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for leuprorelin". Int J Pharm. 472 (1–2): 20–26. doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.047. PMID 24879935.

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Wikipedia

Pulmonary drug delivery

Pulmonary drug delivery is a route of administration in which patients use an inhaler to inhale their medications and drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream via the lung mucous membrane. This technique is most commonly used in the treatment of lung diseases, for example, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Different types of inhalers include metered-dose inhalers (MDI), dry powder inhalers (DPI), soft mist inhalers (SMI) and nebulizers. The rate and efficacy of pulmonary drug delivery are affected by drug particle properties, breathing patterns and respiratory tract geometry. Pulmonary drug delivery minimizes systemic side effects and increases bioavailability owing to the localised absorption through the lung. The disadvantages include possible drug irritation to the lung, limited drug dissolution, relatively high drug clearance, and the drug effectiveness depends on the inhaler techniques and patients' compliance. Drug formulation can be challenging since the drug has to bypass the defence mechanisms in the respiratory tract. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug in elderly patients can also be particularly difficult to predict due to age-related changes in body composition. Ongoing developments in inhaler device engineering, technology and drug formulations may improve the efficacy and overcome the challenges of pulmonary drug delivery. Recent advancements involve the utilization of the pulmonary route as an entry to systemic circulation for treating different diseases, as well as the development of pulmonary drug formulation and particle engineering technology to increase the efficacy of pulmonary delivery.

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Wikipedia

Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system

A self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) is a drug delivery system that uses a microemulsion achieved by chemical rather than mechanical means. That is, by an intrinsic property of the drug formulation, rather than by special mixing and handling. It employs the familiar ouzo effect displayed by anethole in many anise-flavored liquors. Microemulsions have significant potential for use in drug delivery, and SMEDDS (including so-called "U-type" microemulsions) are the best of these systems identified to date. SMEDDS are of particular value in increasing the absorption of lipophilic drugs taken by mouth. SMEDDS in research or development include formulations of the drugs anethole trithione, oridonin, curcumin, vinpocetine, tacrolimus, mitotane, berberine hydrochloride, nobiletin, piroxicam, anti-malaria drugs beta-artemether and halofantrine, anti-HIV drug UC 781, nimodipine, exemestane, anti-cancer drugs 9-nitrocamptothecin (9-NC) paclitaxel, and seocalcitol, alprostadil (intraurethral use), probucol, itraconazole, fenofibrate, acyclovir, simvastatin, xibornol, silymarin, alpha-asarone, enilconazole, puerarin (an isoflavone found in Pueraria lobata), atorvastatin, heparin, carvedilol, ketoconazole, gentamicin, labrasol, flurbiprofen, celecoxib, danazol, cyclosporine, and idebenone. Actual applications of Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system' (SMEDDS) remain rare. The first drug marketed as a SMEDDS was cyclosporin, and it had significantly improved bioavailability compared with the conventional solution. In the last decade, several SMEDDS loaded with antiviral drugs (ritonavir, saquinavir) were tested for treatment of HIV infection, but the relative improvement in clinical benefit was not significant. The SMEDDS formulation of ritonavir (soft capsules) has been withdrawn in some countries. Within the last years SMEDDS were also utilized for the oral administration of biologics. Due to ion pairing with appropriate surfactants these mainly hydrophilic macromolecular drugs can be incorporated in the lipophilic phase of SMEDDS. Provided that the oily droplets being formed in the gut are sufficiently stable towards lipases, can permeate the mucus gel layer in sufficient quantities and exhibit permeation enhancing properties the oral bioavailability of various biologics can be strongly improved SMEDDS offer numerous advantages: spontaneous formation, ease of manufacture, thermodynamic stability, and improved solubilization of bioactive materials. Improved solubility contributes to faster release rates and greater bioavailability. For many drugs taken by mouth, faster release rates improve the drug acceptance by consumers. Greater bioavailability means that less drug need be used; this may lower cost, and does lower the stomach irritation and toxicity of drugs taken by mouth. For oral use, SMEDDS may be formulated as liquids or solids, the solids packaged in capsules or tablets. Limited studies comparing these report that in terms of bioavailability liquid SMEDDS are superior to solid SMEDDS, which are superior to conventional tablets. Liquid SMEDDS have also shown value in injectable (IV and urethral) formulations and in a topical (oral) spray.

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Wikipedia

Alkermes plc

Alkermes plc is a fully-integrated biopharmaceutical company that focuses on developing medicines for psychiatric and neurological disorders. The company was founded in 1987 by Michael Wall. In September 2011 Alkermes, Inc. merged with Elan Drug Technologies (EDT), the former drug formulation and manufacturing division of Élan Corporation, plc. The company is headquartered in Dublin, and has an R&D center in Waltham, Massachusetts, and a manufacturing facility in Wilmington, Ohio.

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Onset of action

Onset of action is the duration of time it takes for a drug's effects to come to prominence upon administration. With oral administration, it typically ranges anywhere from 20 minutes to over an hour, depending on the drug in question. Other methods of ingestion such as smoking or injection can take as little as seconds to minutes to take effect. The determination of the onset of action, however, is not completely dependent upon route of administration. There are several other factors that determine the onset of action for a specific drug, including drug formulation, dosage, and the patient receiving the drug.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

What prosperous Tulsa district became widely known as “Black Wall Street”?

The Greenwood District.