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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Rustam Effendi | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 13 May 1903 |
| Died | 24 May 1979 (aged 76) Jakarta, Indonesia |
| Citizenship | Indonesian |
| Occupation | Author |
| Writing career | |
| Language | Indonesian Dutch |
| Period | 1920s |
Roestam Effendi (Perfected Spelling: Rustam Effendi; 13 May 1903 – 24 May 1979) was an Indonesian writer and member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands. He is known for experimenting with the Malay language in the writing of his drama Bebasari and his poetry collection poetry anthology Pertjikan Permenoengan.
Effendi was born in Padang, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies, on 13 May 1903. After elementary school, he studied at schools for teachers in Bukittinggi and Bandung, West Java. In 1924 he returned to Padang to be a teacher.[1][2]
Effendi published his first stage drama, Bebasari, in the mid-1920s;[a] it was a critique of Dutch colonialism based on the Ramayana.[4] The work is considered the first stage drama in modern Indonesian literature.[1] However, its distribution was hampered by the Dutch, who cited Effendi's communist leanings.[4] He also released the poetry anthology Pertjikan Permenoengan (Stains of Self-Reflection),[1] Among these poems were works that were indirectly anti-colonial, such as the poem "Tanah Air" ("Homeland").[4] However, after a failed Communist revolt that year, Effendi's works could no longer be published because of the tighter censorship.[5] As such, he felt forced to leave the country.[2]
From 1928 to 1947 Effendi lived in the Netherlands. From 1933 to 1946 he was a member of the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) and served in the House of Representatives of the Netherlands,[1][3] promoting native rights for the Dutch East Indies.[6] He also wrote a work in Dutch, entitled Van Moskow naar Tiflis.[1] After his dismissal from the CPN, he, along with his family would return to Indonesia in 1946. In 1947, he tried to join the Communist Party of Indonesia but was rejected as the PKI labeled him as an trotskyist. Angered by the PKI, he would become an ardent follower of Tan Malaka. He would also publish theory Sedikit pendjelasan tentang soal-soal trotskisme (A Brief Explanation of Trotskyism), to correct the wrongs, definitions, and political practices of Leninism and Trotskyism. He would become a guerilla on the side of Tan Malaka's Persatuan Perjuangan.[7]
While in Jakarta in 1951, he was arrested as part of an anti-communist crackdown, though he wasn't charged.
Effendi died in Jakarta on 24 May 1979. He was the older brother of Bachtiar Effendi, an Indonesian film actor and director.[1]
Effendi dealt with several themes in his works. Among the most prominent, especially in Bebasari, was anti-colonialism, with veiled criticism of the Dutch East Indies government.[4] Other themes include love, both romantic and familial, as in the poems "Kenangan Lama" ("Old Memories") and "Kuburan Bunda" ("Mother's Grave"), and the beauty of nature, as in "Lautan" ("Sea") and "Bulan" ("Moon").[8]
Effendi's language, although it reflected the patterns of Old Malay, was experimental. The writer borrowed from foreign languages, especially Sanskrit and Arabic.[9] He occasionally changed words, including adding and subtracting letters, to suit his intended rhythm and tempo, such as by using "menung" instead of "menunggu" to say "wait".[10] Compared to contemporary poet Muhammad Yamin, Effendi had stronger imagery.[8]
The socialist literary scholar Bakri Siregar wrote that Effendi drew the anti-colonial struggle well, with evocative imagery, in Bebasari.[2] The Dutch scholar of Indonesian literature A. Teeuw wrote that Effendi, as a poet, was "amazing, especially because of his language which had no equal"[b] and efforts to break away from the traditional syair.[3] However, Teeuw opined that Effendi did not play a large role in the further development of Indonesian literature; he found Sanusi Pane as the most influential poet of the time.[3]
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Effendi or effendy (Turkish: efendi [eˈfændi]; Ottoman Turkish: افندی, romanized: efendi; originally from Medieval Greek: ἀφέντης [aˈfendis]) is a title of nobility meaning sir, lord or master, especially in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus. The title itself and its other forms are originally derived from Medieval Greek aphentēs which is derived from Ancient Greek authentēs meaning lord. It is a title of respect or courtesy, equivalent to the English Sir. It was used in the Ottoman Empire and Byzantine Empire. It follows the personal name, when it is used, and is generally given to members of the learned professions and to government officials of high rank, such as bey or pasha. It may also indicate a definite office, as hekim efendi, chief physician to the sultan. The possessive form efendim (my master) was formerly used by slaves, and is commonplace in formal discourse, when answering the telephone, and can substitute for "excuse me" in some situations (e.g. asking someone to repeat something). In the Ottoman era, the most common title affixed to a personal name after that of agha was efendi. Such a title would have indicated an "educated gentleman", hence by implication a graduate of a secular state school (rüşdiye), even though at least some if not most of these efendis had once been religious students, or even religious teachers. Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work Turkish Life in Town and Country that Ottoman Christians, women, mullahs, sheiks, and princes of the Ottoman royal family could become effendi, a title carrying "the same significance as the French Monsieur" and which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our 'Esquire' has come to be [in the United Kingdom]". The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title c. the 1930s.
Shoghí Effendi (; Persian: شوقی افندی; 1896 or 1897 – 4 November 1957) was Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith from 1922 until his death in 1957. As the grandson and successor of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, he was charged with guiding the development of the Baháʼí Faith, including the creation of its global administrative structure and the prosecution of Baháʼí teaching plans that oversaw the expansion of the religion to several new countries. As the authorized interpreter of the Baháʼí literature, he translated the primary written works of the Faith's central figures, providing unity of understanding of its essential teachings and safeguarding its followers from division. Upon his death in 1957, leadership passed to the Hands of the Cause, and in 1963 the Baháʼís of the world elected the Universal House of Justice, an institution which had been described and planned by Baháʼu’llah. Shoghi Effendi, an Afnán, was born Shoghí Rabbání in Acre in the Ottoman Empire, where he spent his early life, but later went on to study in Haifa and Beirut, gaining an arts degree from the Syrian Protestant College in 1918 and then serving as ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's secretary and translator. In 1920, he attended Balliol College, Oxford, where he studied political science and economics. Before completing his studies, news of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's death reached him, requiring him to return to Haifa. Shortly after his return at the end of December 1921, he learned that the Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá named him Guardian of the Baháʼí Faith. Two crucial aspects of his leadership focused on building the administration and spreading the faith worldwide. During his 36 years as Guardian, Shoghi Effendi translated and expounded on many of the writings of Bahá’u’lláh and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, established plans that enabled the faith to spread globally and sent more than 17,500 letters. He kept in touch with progress in all existing Bahá’i communities as well as monitoring and responding to the situation in the Middle East, where the believers were still suffering persecution. He also began work to establish Haifa, Israel, as the Bahá’i World Center. He created an International Bahá’i Council to aid him in his work, several members of which were newly appointed Hands of the Cause. He also presided over the community's expansion from 1,034 localities in 1935 to 2,700 in 1953, and further to 14,437 in 1963. From the beginning to the end of his leadership, the total population of Baháʼís around the world grew from 100,000 to 400,000. Shoghi Effendi died during a visit to London in 1957, having contracted Asian flu, and is buried at New Southgate Cemetery in the city of London.
Roestam Effendi (Perfected Spelling: Rustam Effendi; 13 May 1903 – 24 May 1979) was an Indonesian writer and member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands. He is known for experimenting with the Malay language in the writing of his drama Bebasari and his poetry collection poetry anthology Pertjikan Permenoengan.
M. Rizal Effendi is an Indonesian journalist and politician who served as the mayor of Balikpapan, East Kalimantan for two terms between 2011 and 2021. A graduate of Mulawarman University, Effendi briefly served as a member of the People's Consultative Assembly and headed a local newspaper before becoming a deputy mayor. Following his first term, he was elected the city's mayor in 2011 and again in 2016. He was also a vice governor candidate in the 2018 election, although he failed to win the seat.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
