Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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THE BHP WIRE —
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Monoclonal antibody | |
|---|---|
| Type | Whole antibody |
| Source | Humanized |
| Target | CALCA, CALCB |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Vyepti |
| Other names | ALD403,[1] eptinezumab-jjmr |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a620022 |
| License data |
|
| Pregnancy category |
|
| Routes of administration | Intravenous |
| Drug class | Calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonist |
| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider |
|
| UNII | |
| KEGG | |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C6352H9838N1694O1992S46 |
| Molar mass | 143283.20 g·mol−1 |
Eptinezumab, sold under the brand name Vyepti, is a medication used for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults.[6] It is a monoclonal antibody that targets calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP) alpha and beta.[6][8] It is administered by intravenous infusion.[6]
Eptinezumab was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2020,[9][10] and in the European Union in January 2022.[7][11]
Eptinezumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody, blocking the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from binding its receptor.
Eptinezumab is degraded after three months.[6]
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved eptinezumab based primarily on evidence from two clinical trials (Trial 1/NCT02559895 and Trial 2/NCT02974153) of 1741 participants with chronic or episodic migraine headaches.[10] Trials were conducted at 212 sites in United States, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine and the European Union.[10] The benefit and side effects of eptinezumab were evaluated in two clinical trials of adults aged 18 through 71 years of age with a history of migraine headaches.[10] The trials had similar designs.[10]
Trial 1 enrolled participants with a history of episodic migraine headaches and Trial 2 enrolled participants with chronic migraine headaches.[10] Participants were assigned to receive one of two doses of eptinezumab or placebo injections every three months for a total of twelve months in Trial 1, and for a total of 6 months in Trial 2.[10] Neither the participants nor the health care providers knew which treatment was being given until the trial was completed.[10] The benefit of eptinezumab in comparison to placebo was assessed based on the change in the number of migraine days per month during the first three-month treatment period.[10]
Eptinezumab was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2020.[9][10]
In November 2021, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency recommended the granting of a marketing authorization for the medicinal product Vyepti, intended for the prophylaxis of migraine.[7] The applicant for this medicinal product is H. Lundbeck A/S.[7] Eptinezumab was approved for medical use in the European Union in January 2022.[7][11]
Eptinezumab is the international nonproprietary name.[12]
It is sold under the brand name Vyepti.[6][7]
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Eptinezumab, sold under the brand name Vyepti, is a medication used for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. It is a monoclonal antibody that targets calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRP) alpha and beta. It is administered by intravenous infusion. Eptinezumab was approved for medical use in the United States in February 2020, and in the European Union in January 2022.
A monoclonal antibody (mAb, more rarely called moAb) is an antibody produced from a cell lineage made by cloning a unique white blood cell. All subsequent antibodies derived this way trace back to a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies are identical and can thus have monovalent affinity, binding only to a particular epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies are mixtures of antibodies derived from multiple plasma cell lineages which each bind to their particular target epitope. Artificial antibodies known as bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered which include two different antigen binding sites (FABs) on the same antibody. It is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to almost any suitable substance; they can then serve to detect or purify it. This capability has become an investigative tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. Monoclonal antibodies are used in the diagnosis of illnesses such as cancer and infections and are used therapeutically in the treatment of e.g. cancer and inflammatory diseases.
Clonidine, sold under the brand names Catapres and Kapvay, among others, is an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, hypotensive, sedative and anxiolytic drug used to treat high blood pressure, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, perioperative pain, drug withdrawal (e.g., alcohol, opioids, or nicotine), and menopausal flushing. Clonidine is sometimes prescribed off-label for tics. It is used orally (by mouth), by injection, or as a transdermal skin patch. Onset of action is typically within an hour with the effects on blood pressure lasting for up to eight hours. Xylazine is a structural analog of clonidine. Common side effects include dry mouth, dizziness, headaches, hypotension, and sleepiness. Severe side effects may include hallucinations, heart arrhythmias, and confusion. If rapidly stopped, withdrawal effects may occur, such as a dangerous rise in blood pressure. Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is not recommended. Clonidine lowers blood pressure by stimulating α2-adrenergic receptors and imidazoline receptors in the brain, which results in relaxation of many arteries. Clonidine was patented in 1961 and came into medical use in 1966. It is available as a generic medication. In 2023, it was the 82nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8 million prescriptions.
Chronic headache, or chronic daily headache (CDH), is classified as experiencing fifteen or more days with a headache per month. It is estimated that chronic headaches affect "4% to 5% of the general population". Chronic headaches consist of different sub-groups, primarily categorized as chronic tension-type headaches and chronic migraine headaches. The treatments for chronic headache are vast and varied. Medicinal and non-medicinal methods exist to help patients cope with chronic headache, because chronic headaches cannot be cured. Whether pharmacological or not, treatment plans are often created on an individual basis. Multiple sources recommend multimodal treatment, which is a combination of medicinal and non-medicinal remedies. Some treatments are controversial and are still being tested for effectiveness. Suggested treatments for chronic headaches include medication, physical therapy, acupuncture, relaxation training, and biofeedback. In addition, dietary alteration and behavioral therapy or psychological therapy are other possible treatments for chronic headaches.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
