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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Erusin (Hebrew: אירוסין, romanized: ʾerusin, also Babylonian ʾirrusin[1]) is the Hebrew term for betrothal. In Modern Hebrew, erusin means engagement, but this is not the historical meaning of the term, which is the first part of marriage, the second part being the nissuin "nuptials".[2]
Since the Middle Ages[3] it is customary for the marriage to occur immediately after the betrothal, and to perform the betrothal during the marriage ceremony itself. Previously, this was not the case, and there were often several months between the two events, according to Ketubot 57b: "a virgin is given twelve months to prepare for her wedding? ... a widow given her thirty days".
In Hebrew and rabbinic literature, betrothal is frequently referred to as "sanctification" (Hebrew: קידושין, romanized: qiddushin), on account of the bride becoming "sanctified" (dedicated) to the groom.
The Book of Deuteronomy introduces the concept of erusin. This holds the couple accountable to the law against adultery, which is punishable by death, while not fully considering them as married in Deuteronomy 22:23
An untraditional view[clarification needed] is that the betrothal was effected simply by purchasing the girl from her father (or guardian) (i.e., paying a bride price to the bride and her father). The price paid for her is known by the Hebrew term mohar (מוהר).[4] It was customary in biblical times for the bride and her father to be given parts of the mohar.[5] Gradually, it lost its original meaning. The custom arose of giving the mohar entirely to the bride rather than her father.
The traditional commentators do not necessarily explain mohar this way. Rashi understands mohar as a form of ketubah (an agreement to pay a certain amount upon divorce),[6] and Nachmanides understands it as sovlanut, a sort of dowry or engagement present.[7] Rashi understands Rachel and Leah's complaint to Jacob ("we are considered strangers to him for he has sold us"[8]) as saying that it was not normal for a father to sell his daughters—at least not without also giving them a dowry.[9]
Consent from a betrothed woman is not explicitly mentioned as a requirement in the Bible,[10] but permission to forgo consent is not explicitly permitted either.[11] That said, after encountering Rebekah (Genesis 24:15-16), Abraham's servant sought permission from her family for her to accompany him and become the wife of Isaac (Genesis 24:58).[12]
The Talmud states that there are three methods of performing erusin: by handing the woman a coin or object of nominal value, by handing her a document, or through consummation (sexual intercourse), although the last is prohibited by the Talmud because it is considered to be indecent for witnesses to watch a couple having intercourse: erusin ceremonies are to be confirmed by two witnesses.[13][14] In all cases, the woman's consent is required; however, it can be implied by her silence.[15]
A blessing over wine precedes the erusin and then the birkat erusin "betrothal blessing".[16] If forgotten before the ceremony, it can be recited before the ketubah is read.[17] Originally, the groom recited the blessings, but today it is more common for someone else to recite them such as the wedding's Rabbi.[3][16]
Today, the custom is to perform the betrothal by giving the bride a well-known and fairly constant-valued object: a gold wedding ring without a stone. The groom takes the ring and says in Hebrew, "Behold, you are consecrated to me with this ring according to the laws of Moses and Israel." The groom now places the ring on the bride’s index finger.[17]
To separate the erusin and nissuin, the ketubah is read.[2][17]
For legal purposes, a betrothed couple are regarded as husband and wife. Similarly, the union can only be ended by the same divorce process as married couples. However, betrothal does not oblige the couple to behave towards each other in the manner that a married couple is required to, nor does it permit the couple to have a sexual relationship.
The rabbis prohibited shiddukhin, marrying without an engagement. Therefore, an old custom is to sign a Shetar haT'na'im as a formal form of engagement, forming an informal declaration of the couple's intentions is read close to the start of the betrothal ceremony.[18]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "betrothal". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "marriage ceremonies". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "marriage". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Erusin (Hebrew: אירוסין, romanized: ʾerusin, also Babylonian ʾirrusin) is the Hebrew term for betrothal. In Modern Hebrew, erusin means engagement, but this is not the historical meaning of the term, which is the first part of marriage, the second part being the nissuin "nuptials". Since the Middle Ages it is customary for the marriage to occur immediately after the betrothal, and to perform the betrothal during the marriage ceremony itself. Previously, this was not the case, and there were often several months between the two events, according to Ketubot 57b: "a virgin is given twelve months to prepare for her wedding? ... a widow given her thirty days". In Hebrew and rabbinic literature, betrothal is frequently referred to as "sanctification" (Hebrew: קידושין, romanized: qiddushin), on account of the bride becoming "sanctified" (dedicated) to the groom.
Sheva Brachot (Hebrew: שבע ברכות; literally, "the seven blessings"), also known as birkot nissuin (Hebrew: ברכות נישואין; literally, "the wedding blessings") in Halakha, are blessings that have historically been recited during the wedding of a Jewish couple. There are two stages to a Jewish wedding: betrothal (erusin) and establishing the full marriage (nissuin). Historically, there was a year between the two events, but the two are combined during contemporary Jewish wedding ceremonies. Although the Sheva Brachot are recorded and recited as a harmonious unit, the blessings are actually a mosaic of Biblical origination. It is uncertain who composed the benedictions in the form recorded in the Talmud, but the blessings likely originated centuries before their inclusion in tractate Ketubot.
A Jewish wedding is a wedding ceremony that follows Jewish laws and traditions. While wedding ceremonies vary, common features of a Jewish wedding include a ketubah (marriage contract) that is signed by two witnesses, a chuppah or huppah (wedding canopy), a ring owned by the groom that is given to the bride under the canopy, and the breaking of a glass. Technically, the Jewish wedding process has two distinct stages. The first, kiddushin (Hebrew for "betrothal"; sanctification or dedication, also called erusin) and nissuin (marriage), is when the couple start their life together. It is at the first stage (kiddushin) when the woman becomes prohibited to all other men, requiring a get (religious divorce) to dissolve it, while the second stage permits the couple to each other. The ceremony that accomplishes nissuin is also known as chuppah. Today, erusin/kiddushin occurs when the groom gives the bride a ring or other object of value with the intent of creating a marriage. There are differing opinions as to which part of the ceremony constitutes nissuin/chuppah, such as standing under the canopy and being alone together in a room (yichud). Erusin/kiddushin has evolved from a period in which the man was to prepare financially to marry his wife into becoming the first half of the wedding ceremony. While historically these two events could take place as much as a year apart, they are now commonly combined into one ceremony.
Kiddushin may refer to: Erusin or Kiddushin, sanctification or dedication, also called erusin (betrothal), the first of the two stages of the Jewish wedding process. Kiddushin (Talmud), the last tractate of the third order of the Mishnah Nashim.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
