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Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 Explorer 16 satellite | |||||||||||||
| Names | S-55B NASA S-55B | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mission type | Micrometeoroid research | ||||||||||||
| Operator | NASA | ||||||||||||
| Harvard designation | 1962 Beta Chi 1 | ||||||||||||
| COSPAR ID | 1962-070A | ||||||||||||
| SATCAT no. | 00506 | ||||||||||||
| Mission duration | 7.5 months (achieved) 63 years, 9 months, 28 days (in orbit) | ||||||||||||
| Spacecraft properties | |||||||||||||
| Spacecraft | Explorer XVI | ||||||||||||
| Spacecraft type | Science Explorer | ||||||||||||
| Bus | S-55 | ||||||||||||
| Manufacturer | Goddard Space Flight Center | ||||||||||||
| Launch mass | 100.8 kg (222 lb) | ||||||||||||
| Dimensions | 61 × 192 cm (24 × 76 in) cylinder | ||||||||||||
| Power | Solar cells and nickel-cadmium batteries | ||||||||||||
| Start of mission | |||||||||||||
| Launch date | 16 December 1962, 14:33:04 GMT[1] | ||||||||||||
| Rocket | Scout X-3 (S-115) | ||||||||||||
| Launch site | Wallops Flight Facility, LA-3 | ||||||||||||
| Contractor | Vought | ||||||||||||
| Entered service | 16 December 1962 | ||||||||||||
| End of mission | |||||||||||||
| Last contact | Late July 1963 | ||||||||||||
| Orbital parameters | |||||||||||||
| Reference system | Geocentric orbit[2] | ||||||||||||
| Regime | Low Earth orbit | ||||||||||||
| Perigee altitude | 750 km (470 mi) | ||||||||||||
| Apogee altitude | 1,181 km (734 mi) | ||||||||||||
| Inclination | 52.0° | ||||||||||||
| Period | 104.30 minutes | ||||||||||||
| Instruments | |||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Explorer 16, also called S-55B, was a NASA satellite launched as part of the Explorer program. Explorer 16 was launched on 16 December 1962, at 14:33:04 GMT,[1] from Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, with a Scout X-3.[3]
Explorer 16 was the second in the series of micrometeoroid satellites orbited by NASA. Its purpose was to obtain data on the near-Earth meteoroid environment, thus providing an accurate estimate of the probability of penetration in spacecraft structures by meteoroids and allowing a more confident definition of the relationship between penetration flux and material thickness to be derived.[3]
The cylindrically shaped spacecraft, about 61 × 192 cm (24 × 76 in), with a mass of 100.8 kg (222 lb), was built around the burned-out fourth stage of the Scout launch vehicle that remained as part of the orbiting satellite.[3]
Explorer 16 carried stainless steel pressurized-cell penetration detectors, impact detectors, capacitor detectors, and cadmium sulfide cell detectors to obtain data on the size, number, distribution, and momentum of dust particles in the near-Earth environment.[3]
This micrometeorite detector consisted of two cadmium-sulfide cells with a total effective area of 48-cm2. Each cell was shielded by a microthin sheet of polymer plastic coated with aluminized Mylar 0.00063 cm (0.00025 in) thick. The detectors were mounted at the end of the cylindrical satellite casing just ahead of the antennas. When a micrometeoroid pierced the shield, it admitted light to the cell and changed the cell's resistance. Resistance was calibrated to the size of the micrometeoroid. Data were obtained from cell A for 20 days and from cell B for 55 days.[4]
This experiment was one of five micrometeorite detectors. There were 46 wire grid detectors consisting of a winding of five copper wires, 52-and 76-microns thick, mounted on 3.68 × 17.8 cm (1.45 × 7.01 in) rectangular melamine cards, to obtain measurements of micrometeoroid impact. Fourteen of the cards were wound with 0.05-mm wire and 32 cards with 0.076-mm wire, providing a total exposed area of 0.3 m2 to penetration by micrometeoroids. When a micrometeoroid broke the wires, the lowered resistance level of an electronic circuit was recorded. Impacts were measured separately on the satellite's two telemeters and were then relayed for transmission to Earth. During the 7.5 months in which the experiment transmitted useful data, telemeter A gave no indication of a break in either the 52-micron or the 76-micron copper wires on the card detectors. Telemeter B recorded one break in the 52-micron and 76-micron wire on 28 June 1963, and one in the 76-micron wire on 13 July 1963.[5]
This experiment was one of five micrometeorite detectors. Sixty foil gauge detectors, each in the shape of an equilateral triangle with a 11.60 cm (4.57 in) base, were installed around the forward usable half of the fourth-stage launch vehicle support structure. Each detector consisted of a circuit obtained by an electrochemical deposition process, about 2.3E-3-mm thick attached to 0.025-mm Mylar and mounted on the underside of 304 stainless steel skin samples. Twenty-four of the skin samples were 0.025-mm thick, and four were 0.15-mm thick. The experiment utilized thin grids of conducting gold deposited on the bottom surface of three stainless steel sheets of different thickness to record micrometeoroid penetration. A particle penetrating the steel sheet would almost invariably break one of the current channels underneath, lowering its resistance level and recording the penetration. Six penetrations were recorded in the 25-micron stainless steel sheet, and one penetration was indicated in the 152-micron stainless steel sheet. The experiment functioned well in the 7.5 months in which the satellite transmitted useful micrometeoroid data.[6]
This experiment was one of five micrometeorite detectors. It used a piezoelectric impact detector to measure micrometeoroid population in a momentum range somewhat higher than that of previous measurements, where few data exist. The detectors, acoustically decoupled from the satellite structure, were mounted at the end of the cylindrical satellite casing near the antennas. The detectors provided a total of 0.35 m2 of area exposed to micrometeoroids. The momentum of a micrometeoroid impacting on the detector assembly was converted into an electrical impulse. The detector had three levels of sensitivity. Data from the impact detectors were correlated with those of micrometeoroid effects on materials in the pressurized cell experiment. The impact detector sent useful data for 7.5 months. By 1 July 1963, 15,000 meteoroid impacts had been recorded by the sensors.[7]
This experiment was one of five micrometeorite detectors. It utilized pressurized cells shaped like half cylinders with walls of 25-, 51-, and 127-micron-thick beryllium copper to record micrometeoroid impacts. The cells contained helium gas held under pressure. As a micrometeoroid punctured the cell wall, it released the gas and dropped the pressure. This drop in pressure activated an electronic circuit and transmitted this information to Earth. The pressurized-cell sensors were divided into two identical groups that were telemetered separately on the two telemeters. During the 7.5 months in which the experiment transmitted useful data, 44 punctures were indicated in the one hundred 25-micron beryllium copper walls, and none of the twenty 127-micron beryllium copper sensors was punctured. The puncture rate for the 25-micron material was 0.32 puncture per m2 per day, and the puncture rate for the 51-micron material was 0.19 puncture per m2 per day.[8]
The spacecraft operated satisfactorily during its 7.5 months life (16 December 1962 to July 1963), and all mission objectives were accomplished.[3]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Explorer 16, also called S-55B, was a NASA satellite launched as part of the Explorer program. Explorer 16 was launched on 16 December 1962, at 14:33:04 GMT, from Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, with a Scout X-3.
MS Explorer or MV Explorer was a Liberian-registered cruise ship, used for Antarctic cruising. She was the first cruise ship to sink there, after striking an iceberg on 23 November 2007. All passengers and crew were rescued. The ship was commissioned and operated by the Swedish explorer Lars-Eric Lindblad. Its 1969 expeditionary cruise to Antarctica was the forerunner for today's sea-based tourism in that region. The vessel was originally named MS Lindblad Explorer (until 1985), and MS Society Explorer (until 1992). Ownership of the vessel changed several times, the last owner being the Toronto-based travel company Gap Adventures which acquired Explorer in 2004. Explorer was abandoned in the early hours of 23 November 2007 after taking on water near the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean, an area which is usually stormy but was calm at the time. Explorer was stated by the Chilean Navy to have sunk at an approximate position of 62°24′S 57°16′W, between the South Shetlands and Grahams Land in the Bransfield Strait; where the depth is roughly 600 metres (2,000 ft). The Royal Navy Antarctic Patrol Ship Endurance, whilst carrying out a hydrographic survey for the British Antarctic Survey and at the request of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, later pinpointed Explorer's final resting place as 62°24′18″S 57°11′46″W, at an approximate depth of 1,130 metres (3,710 ft) – a distance of 4,373 m (14,350 ft) from her reported sinking position. This is broadly consistent with the direction of the prevailing current.
Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. The first version of Internet Explorer, made its debut on August 24, 1995. It was a reworked version of Spyglass Mosaic, which Microsoft licensed from Spyglass Inc., like many other companies initiating browser development. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs, and included in the OEM service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. Originally Internet Explorer only ran on Windows using an Intel compatible (x86) processor. Current versions also run on x64, 32-bit ARMv7, PowerPC and IA-64. Versions on Windows have supported MIPS, Alpha AXP and 16-bit and 32-bit x86 but currently support only 32-bit or 64-bit. A version exists for Xbox 360 called Internet Explorer for Xbox using PowerPC and an embedded OEM version called Pocket Internet Explorer, later rebranded Internet Explorer Mobile, which is currently based on Internet Explorer 9 and made for Windows Phone using ARMv7, Windows CE, and previously, based on Internet Explorer 7 for Windows Mobile. It remains in development alongside the desktop versions. Internet Explorer has supported other operating systems with Internet Explorer for Mac (using Motorola 68020+, PowerPC) and Internet Explorer for UNIX (Solaris using SPARC and HP-UX using PA-RISC), which have been discontinued. Since its first release, Microsoft has added features and technologies such as basic table display (in version 1.5); XMLHttpRequest (in version 5), which adds creation of dynamic web pages; and Internationalized Domain Names (in version 7), which allow Web sites to have native-language addresses with non-Latin characters. The browser has also received scrutiny throughout its development for use of third-party technology (such as the source code of Spyglass Mosaic, used without royalty in early versions) and security and privacy vulnerabilities, and both the United States and the European Union have alleged that integration of Internet Explorer with Windows has been to the detriment of other browsers. Internet Explorer 10 and 11 on Windows 8.x have two interfaces, one for traditional desktop use and another for tablet/touchscreen use.
The Ford Explorer is a range of SUVs manufactured by the Ford Motor Company since the 1991 model year. The first five-door SUV produced by Ford, the Explorer was introduced as a replacement for the three-door Bronco II. As with the Ford Ranger, the model line derives its name from a trim package previously offered on Ford F-Series pickup trucks. In 2020, the Explorer became the best-selling SUV in the American market. Currently in its sixth generation, the Explorer has featured a five-door wagon body style since its 1991 introduction. During the first two generations, the model line included a three-door wagon (directly replacing the Bronco II). The Ford Explorer Sport Trac is a crew-cab mid-size pickup truck derived from the second-generation Explorer. The fifth and sixth generations of the Explorer have been produced as the Ford Police Interceptor Utility (replacing both the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor and the Ford Police Interceptor Sedan). The Explorer is slotted between the Ford Edge and Ford Expedition within North America's current Ford SUV range. The model line has undergone rebadging several times, with Mazda, Mercury, and Lincoln each selling derivative variants. Currently, Lincoln markets a luxury version of the Explorer as the Lincoln Aviator. For the North American market, the first four generations of the Explorer were produced by Ford at its Louisville Assembly Plant (Louisville, Kentucky) and its now-closed St. Louis Assembly Plant (Hazelwood, Missouri). Ford currently assembles the Explorer alongside the Lincoln Aviator and the Police Interceptor Utility at its Chicago Assembly Plant (Chicago, Illinois).
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Mae Jemison, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1992.
