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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | This article relies on a single source. (April 2025) |
In theoretical physics, one often analyzes theories with supersymmetry in which F-terms[1] play an important role. In four dimensions, the minimal N=1 supersymmetry may be written using a superspace. This superspace involves four extra fermionic coordinates , transforming as a two-component spinor and its conjugate.
Every superfield—i.e. a field that depends on all coordinates of the superspace—may be expanded with respect to the new fermionic coordinates. There exists a special kind of superfields, the so-called chiral superfields, that only depend on the variables but not their conjugates. The last term in the corresponding expansion, namely , is called the F-term. Applying an infinitesimal supersymmetry transformation to a chiral superfield results in yet another chiral superfield whose F-term, in particular, changes by a total derivative. This is significant because then is invariant under SUSY transformations as long as boundary terms vanish. Thus F-terms may be used in constructing supersymmetric actions.
Manifestly-supersymmetric Lagrangians may also be written as integrals over the whole superspace. Some special terms, such as the superpotential, may be written as integrals over s only. They are also referred to as F-terms, much like the terms in the ordinary potential that arise from these terms of the supersymmetric Lagrangian.
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In theoretical physics, one often analyzes theories with supersymmetry in which F-terms play an important role. In four dimensions, the minimal N=1 supersymmetry may be written using a superspace. This superspace involves four extra fermionic coordinates θ 1 , θ 2 , θ ¯ 1 , θ ¯ 2 {\displaystyle \theta ^{1},\theta ^{2},{\bar {\theta }}^{1},{\bar {\theta }}^{2}} , transforming as a two-component spinor and its conjugate. Every superfield—i.e. a field that depends on all coordinates of the superspace—may be expanded with respect to the new fermionic coordinates. There exists a special kind of superfields, the so-called chiral superfields, that only depend on the variables θ {\displaystyle \theta } but not their conjugates. The last term in the corresponding expansion, namely F θ 1 θ 2 {\displaystyle F\theta ^{1}\theta ^{2}} , is called the F-term. Applying an infinitesimal supersymmetry transformation to a chiral superfield results in yet another chiral superfield whose F-term, in particular, changes by a total derivative. This is significant because then ∫ d 4 x F ( x ) {\displaystyle \int {d^{4}x\,F(x)}} is invariant under SUSY transformations as long as boundary terms vanish. Thus F-terms may be used in constructing supersymmetric actions. Manifestly-supersymmetric Lagrangians may also be written as integrals over the whole superspace. Some special terms, such as the superpotential, may be written as integrals over θ {\displaystyle \theta } s only. They are also referred to as F-terms, much like the terms in the ordinary potential that arise from these terms of the supersymmetric Lagrangian.
In Japanese patent law, F-term is a system for classifying Japanese patent documents according to the technical features of the inventions described in them. It is not a replacement for the International Patent Classification (IPC) or other patent classifications, but complements other systems by providing a means for searching documents from different viewpoints. A symbol attached to a patent document, indicating that the invention disclosed in the document has a particular technical feature, is also called an F-term.
In theoretical physics, the D-term is the final term in the expansion of a vector superfield over fermionic coordinates. A superfield is a field that depends on all coordinates of the superspace, which is the coordinate space of a theory exhibiting supersymmetry. A superspace can be expressed as a combination of ordinary space dimensions (x, y, z, ...,) and fermionic dimensions. 4D N = 1 global supersymmetry may be written using a superspace involving four extra fermionic coordinates θ 1 , θ 2 , θ ¯ 1 , θ ¯ 2 {\displaystyle \theta ^{1},\theta ^{2},{\bar {\theta }}^{1},{\bar {\theta }}^{2}} , transforming as a two-component spinor and its conjugate. Every superfield may be expanded with respect to the new fermionic coordinates. The generic kind of superfields, typically a vector superfield, indeed depend on all these coordinates. The last term in the corresponding expansion, namely D θ 1 θ 2 θ ¯ 1 θ ¯ 2 {\displaystyle D\theta ^{1}\theta ^{2}{\bar {\theta }}^{1}{\bar {\theta }}^{2}} , is called the D-term. Manifestly supersymmetric Lagrangians may also be written as integrals over the whole superspace. A D-term obtained from a vector superfield solely by an integral over all of superspace is known as a Fayet–Iliopoulos D-term. Some special terms, such as the superpotential, may be written as integrals over θ {\displaystyle \theta } s only, which are known as F-terms, and should be contrasted with the present D-terms.
A term limit is a nomination rule which restricts the number of terms a person may run for and serve in a particular elected office. When term limits are found in presidential and semi-presidential systems they act as a method to eliminate the potential for "president for life", check the concentration of power in the executive, and curb authoritarianism. Term limits may be a lifetime limit on the number of terms an officeholder may serve, or a limit on the number of consecutive terms. According to a 2020 analysis, nearly one in four incumbents who face term limits seek to circumvent the term limits through various strategies, including constitutional amendments, working with the judiciary to reinterpret the term limits, let a placeholder govern for the incumbent, and cancelling or delaying elections. Incumbents that seek to circumvent term limits frequently use repression of the opposition, electoral manipulation and foreign support to enable their circumvention. According to a 2025 research project, attempts to circumvent term limits had become increasingly prevalent in African states over time, with few such attempts prior to 2000 and many such attempts post-2000.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
