Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
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Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Wilmington, North Carolina once had a thriving Black middle class and an elected interracial government. In 1898 white supremacists used violence to overthrow that government, kill Black residents and drive many others from the city.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
The Federated Computing Research Conference (FCRC) is an event that brings together several academic conferences, workshops, and plenary talks in the field of computer science. FCRC has been organized and held in the United States in 1993, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023. The 2023 event was held in Orlando, Florida.
In the first FCRC, the main organiser was the Computing Research Association; since then, the Association for Computing Machinery has taken the lead in organising the event.
The Turing Award 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014 recipients gave plenary talks in FCRC 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, and 2015. Other plenary speakers in FCRC include László Babai, Charles Bennett, Randal Bryant, Bob Colwell, David Culler, Cynthia Dwork, Shafi Goldwasser, Michael J. Flynn, Hector Garcia-Molina, John L. Hennessy, Torsten Hoefler, Richard Karp, Randy Katz, Ken Kennedy, James Kurose, Ed Lazowska, Barbara Liskov, Robin Milner, Charles R. (Chuck) Moore, Christos Papadimitriou, Michael Rabin, Scott Shenker, Burton Smith, Guy L. Steele Jr., Avi Wigderson, Maurice Wilkes, William A. Wulf.
The following table contains conferences that have been part of FCRC at least twice; workshops have not been listed.
| CCC | Computational Complexity Conference[2] | 1993 | 1996 | 1999 | - | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | - | - |
| EC | ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce | - | - | - | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | - |
| ISCA | ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Computer Architecture | 1993 | 1996 | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | 2023 |
| LCTES | ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems | - | - | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | - | - | 2019 | 2023 |
| SIGMETRICS | ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems | - | 1996 | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | 2023 |
| PLDI | ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation | - | 1996 | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | 2023 |
| PODC | ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing | - | 1996 | 1999 | - | - | 2011 | - | - | 2023 |
| PPoPP | ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming | 1993 | - | 1999 | 2003 | - | - | - | - | - |
| SPAA | ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures | - | - | - | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | 2023 |
| SoCG | ACM Symposium on Computational Geometry | 1993 | 1996 | - | 2003 | - | - | - | - | - |
| STOC | ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing | 1993 | 1996 | 1999 | 2003 | 2007 | 2011 | 2015 | 2019 | 2023 |
Other notable events held in conjunction with FCRC include HOPL III, the History of Programming Languages Conference in 2007.
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The Federated Computing Research Conference (FCRC) is an event that brings together several academic conferences, workshops, and plenary talks in the field of computer science. FCRC has been organized and held in the United States in 1993, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023. The 2023 event was held in Orlando, Florida. In the first FCRC, the main organiser was the Computing Research Association; since then, the Association for Computing Machinery has taken the lead in organising the event. The Turing Award 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, and 2014 recipients gave plenary talks in FCRC 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, and 2015. Other plenary speakers in FCRC include László Babai, Charles Bennett, Randal Bryant, Bob Colwell, David Culler, Cynthia Dwork, Shafi Goldwasser, Michael J. Flynn, Hector Garcia-Molina, John L. Hennessy, Torsten Hoefler, Richard Karp, Randy Katz, Ken Kennedy, James Kurose, Ed Lazowska, Barbara Liskov, Robin Milner, Charles R. (Chuck) Moore, Christos Papadimitriou, Michael Rabin, Scott Shenker, Burton Smith, Guy L. Steele Jr., Avi Wigderson, Maurice Wilkes, William A. Wulf.
The International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA) is an annual academic conference on computer architecture, generally viewed as the top-tier in the field. Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture (ACM SIGARCH) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society are technical sponsors. ISCA Hall of Fame provides a list of the most prolific authors at the ISCA conference, spanning contributions starting from the first ISCA conference in 1973. ISCA has participated in the Federated Computing Research Conference in 1993, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023; every year that the conference has been organized. ISCA 2018 hosted the 2017 Turing Award Winners lecture by award winners John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson. ISCA 2024, which was held in Buenos Aires (Argentina), was the first edition ever to take place in a Latin American country. It featured keynote speakers Mateo Valero, Sridhar Iyengar, and Vivienne Sze. The organization of this edition was led by Prof. Esteban Mocskos (University of Buenos Aires) and Dr. Augusto Vega (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center). ISCA 2025 was held in Tokyo (Japan), registering a record number of attendees (1200+).
Torsten Hoefler is a Professor of Computer Science at ETH Zurich and the Chief Architect for Machine Learning at the Swiss National Supercomputing Centre. He is a laureate of the ACM Prize in Computing for his pioneering work on HPC and large-scale AI systems, where he laid many of the foundations of the quickly-growing AI datacenter industry. Earlier in his career, he led the Advanced Application and User Support team at the Blue Waters Directorate of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, and held an adjunct professor position at the Computer Science Department at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. His expertise lies in large-scale parallel computing and high-performance computing systems. He focuses on applications in large-scale artificial intelligence as well as climate sciences. Hoefler is an IEEE Fellow, ACM Fellow, and a member of the European Academy of Sciences Academia Europaea. He is also a Fellow of the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems (ELLIS). His Erdos number is two. He has been invited to present several keynote lectures at major international conferences such as ACM's Federated Computing Research Conference, IEEE Cluster, HPC Asia, Supercomputing Asia, or the International Symposium on Distributed Computing. Hoefler is known to give widely accessible presentations at major interdisciplinary events such as the Heidelberg Laureate Forum, the ADIA Lab Symposium, Science for Development Summit in Timor-Leste following an invitation of president José Ramos-Horta, or the Global Young Scientists Summit in Singapore, all featuring Nobel and Turing laureate speakers.
The IFIP International Conference on Formal Techniques for Distributed Objects, Components and Systems (FORTE) is part of the federated conference event DisCoTec (Distributed Computing Techniques) which also includes the International Conference on Coordination Models and Languages (COORDINATION) and the IFIP International Conference on Distributed Applications and Interoperable Systems (DAIS). Until 2013, the conference was held as IFIP Joint International Conference on Formal Techniques for Distributed Systems and consisted of the two conference series FMOODS and FORTE.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.