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Mansa Musa was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa. Details recorded here should be sourced; unknown information is left blank.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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| Feldgrau | |
|---|---|
 Color coordinates | |
| Hex triplet | #4D5D53 |
| sRGBB (r, g, b) | (77, 93, 83) |
| HSV (h, s, v) | (142°, 17%, 36%) |
| CIELChuv (L, C, h) | (38, 10, 144°) |
| Source | [Unsourced] |
| ISCC–NBS descriptor | Dark grayish green |
| B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte) | |
Feldgrau (English: field-grey) is a green–grey color. It was the official basic color of military uniforms of the German armed forces from the early 20th century until 1945 (West Germany) or 1989 (East Germany). Armed forces of other countries also used various shades of that color. Feldgrau was used to refer to the color of uniforms of the armies of Germany, first the Imperial German Army and later the Heer (ground forces) of the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht.
In World War I the colour feldgrau evolved from the light grey of peacetime field uniforms to darker green-grey shades after 1915. Supply shortages led to other variations of the colour throughout the war, ranging from greys to browns.
Feldgrau is commonly used to refer to the colour of German army uniforms during World War II. It was also used by the East German National People's Army, under the description steingrau (stone-grey). Feldgrau was introduced to the Austrian Bundesheer in line to the German pattern as well.[citation needed]
In 1907, the so-called field-grey peace uniform (feldgraue Friedensuniform), with colored cuffs, facings, shoulder straps and gorgets began to be issued by decree in Prussia, followed by the non-Prussian contingents of the other German states and lastly by the Bavarian Army in April 1916. Formerly most infantry regiments in the German Imperial Army wore Prussian blue tunics, although Bavarian units had light blue and jägers dark green. Cavalry uniforms were of a wide range of colors. Until the outbreak of war in August 1914, the traditional brightly colored uniforms of the Deutsches Heer continued to be worn as parade and off-duty wear. Barracks dress was normally an off-white loose fitting fatigue dress[1] and the field-grey uniform fully introduced by 1910 was generally reserved for maneuvers and field training. Upon the outbreak of war field-grey became the normal uniform of all German soldiers. Active service experience led to the adoption of a darker grey-green shade of color in 1915, now described as "stone-grey".[2]
Following the German example, other countries selected feldgrau in either light grey or green-grey shades as the basic color for their service uniforms. Examples were Portugal (1910), and Sweden (1923). After testing, Italy adopted a similar colored uniform with a greenish tinge on 4 December 1908, known as Grigio Verde.[3]
In 1909 the Austro-Hungarian Army adopted pike-grey (Hechtgrau) as the color of the field service uniform of its infantry, artillery, engineers and transport units. Previously it had been reserved for Jaeger and Landwehr regiments. Following the outbreak of World War I the light blue-grey shade of Hechtgrau proved unsuited for campaigning in Europe and from 1915 onwards the green-grey feldgrau was substituted.
At the formation of the First Austrian Republic's armed forces in 1929, there were strong similarities to German uniforms, including the feldgrau uniform and the corps colors and rank insignia adopted.
Today, in accordance with national traditions, the uniform color of the Austrian Armed Forces is named feldgrau, though other shades such as braungrau (English: brown-grey), and steingrau (stone-grey) are used, along with NATO-oliv (NATO-olive).
The Chilean Army also wears a full dress uniform in feldgrau.
The current dress uniform of the Finnish Army (M/83) is a grey uniform patterned after the German 1944 uniform. The Finnish Army has used grey uniforms since its founding in 1918. M/83 and its equally grey predecessors were used as the common service uniform up to the 1980s, with camouflage (M/62) used only in the field uniform. Today, the common service uniform is a camouflage uniform (M/62, M/91 or M/05). The grey colour is called kenttäharmaa (literally "field grey") in Finnish, sometimes also known as armeijan harmaat (army greys). "Going into army greys" remains a popular saying for entering military service.
The Swedish Armed Forces used a very similar color for infantry uniforms; for example the grey m/39 and later on grey-green, as the German ones. The last uniform in the latter color was the woollen m/58 winter uniform.
The table below shows some shades of grey in line to the rough RAL colors
| Number | Sample | CIELAB L* | CIELAB a* | CIELAB b* | German name | English name | Description and examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| #5d5d3d (HTML-code) |
Feldgrau | Field grey | Typical Feldgrau of the Reichsheer and Reichswehr 1907–1935 | ||||
| RAL 6006 grauoliv |
Feldgrau | Field grey | Basic color of the Wehrmacht 1937–1945[4] | ||||
| RAL 7008 | 45.91 | 3.34 | 17.92 | Khakigrau | Khaki grey | original name: Graugrün (Grey green) | |
| RAL 7009 | 43.19 | −2.43 | 3.87 | Grüngrau | Green grey | original name: Feldgrau Nr.2 (Field grey No.2), Basic color of the Reichsheer and Wehrmacht until 1935.[4] | |
| RAL 7013 | 39.21 | 0.59 | 6.33 | Feldgrau/Steingrau | Field grey/Stone grey | Austrian Bundesheer, GDR National People's Army 1956–1989 | |
| RAL 7016 | 33.84 | −1.33 | −2.83 | Anthrazitgrau | Anthracite grey | Added for use by the Wehrmacht | |
| RAL 7021 | 30.65 | −0.43 | −1.22 | Schwarzgrau | Black grey | 1937 added for use by the Wehrmacht under the name Dunkelgrau (dark grey) | |
| RAL 7037 | 30.65 | −0.43 | −1.22 | Staubgrau | Dust grey | Used since 1956 by the German Bundeswehr under the name Hellgrau (light grey) |
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Feldgrau (English: field-grey) is a green–grey color. It was the official basic color of military uniforms of the German armed forces from the early 20th century until 1945 (West Germany) or 1989 (East Germany). Armed forces of other countries also used various shades of that color. Feldgrau was used to refer to the color of uniforms of the armies of Germany, first the Imperial German Army and later the Heer (ground forces) of the Reichswehr and the Wehrmacht.
Field Grey is a 2010 crime thriller novel by the British author Philip Kerr. It is the seventh in his series of novels featuring the Berlin detective Bernie Gunther. The title refers to Feldgrau, the colour of the uniforms of the German Wehrmacht during the Second World War. It provides a retrospective look across Gunther's service in during the war. As with other books in the series it features the fictional Gunther alongside a number of real historical figures and incidents. In the United States it was published as Field Gray.
Variations of gray or grey include achromatic grayscale shades, which lie exactly between white and black, and nearby colors with low colorfulness. A selection of a number of these various colors is shown below.
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, US also ; French: [saʁtʁ]; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, political activist, and writer, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology) and was a proponent of Libertarian Marxism. His work has influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies. He was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature despite attempting to refuse it, saying that he always declined official honors and that "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution". Sartre had an open relationship with prominent feminist and fellow existentialist philosopher Simone de Beauvoir. Together, Sartre and de Beauvoir challenged the cultural and social assumptions and expectations of their upbringings, which they considered bourgeois, in both lifestyles and thought. The conflict between oppressive, spiritually destructive conformity (mauvaise foi, literally, 'bad faith') and an "authentic" way of "being" became the dominant theme of Sartre's early work, a theme embodied in his principal philosophical work Being and Nothingness (L'Être et le Néant, 1943). Sartre provided an introduction to his philosophy in his work Existentialism Is a Humanism (L'existentialisme est un humanisme, 1946), originally presented as a lecture. Born in Paris, Sartre lost his father at the age of two and was raised primarily by his mother and grandfather, who introduced him to literature. He studied at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure, where he developed a deep interest in philosophy, influenced by thinkers like Henri Bergson, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger. Sartre's early academic career included teaching in several French lycées and engaging in provocative pranks and debates. Sartre's life was marked by strong political engagement. During World War II, he was drafted, captured, and later released, after which he co-founded the resistance group Socialisme et Liberté. Though the group dissolved, Sartre became an influential voice in occupied France, contributing to underground literature and writing plays like No Exit. After the war, he co-founded the journal Les Temps modernes and increasingly used his platform to advocate for political and social causes. He supported anti-colonial movements, condemned French policies in Algeria, opposed U.S. intervention in Vietnam, and aligned himself at various times with Marxism and Maoism. Despite declining health in his later years, Sartre remained committed to activism and intellectual debate until his death in 1980. His funeral drew 50,000 mourners.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
