Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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The Fifth Ministry of Machine-Building Industry of the PRC (中华人民共和国第五机械工业部) oversees production of tank equipment and artillery. It was created on September 28, 1963.[1]
In 1982, it changed its name to the Ministry of Ordnance Industry.
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The Fifth Ministry of Machine-Building Industry of the PRC (中华人民共和国第五机械工业部) oversees production of tank equipment and artillery. It was created on September 28, 1963. In 1982, it changed its name to the Ministry of Ordnance Industry.
The Second Ministry of Machine-Building Industry (第二机械工业部) was a government ministry of the People's Republic of China which oversaw the nuclear industry of China. In February 1958, China's Third Ministry of Machine Building (which had been established as the Third Ministry of Machine Building in November 1956 to oversee China's nuclear weapons program) was renamed the Second Ministry of Machine Building. It had a month earlier established the Ninth Bureau, which was responsible for nuclear weapons research and design. In 1958, the National Defense Science and Technology Commission (NDSTC) was established with Marshal Nie Rongzhen as its director to oversee the Second Ministry of Machine Building as well as the Lop Nur Nuclear Weapon Test Base and the Fifth Academy of the Defense Ministry (which focused on missile programs). In July 1958, the Second Ministry approved plans to set up a nuclear research institute on Huayuan Road in Beijing to receive and study technical assistance which the Soviet Union had promised (but mostly did not ultimately provide) under the New Defense Technical Accord. In May 1982, the Second Ministry was renamed the Nuclear Industry Ministry. In 1988 the Ministry of Nuclear Industry was re-organised and became the China National Nuclear Corporation. In April 1988, the Second Ministry became part of the newly (now former) created Ministry of Energy Resources.
The Seventh Ministry of Machine-Building Industry (第七机械工业部), originally the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defense, was a government ministry of the People's Republic of China, established November 23, 1964 by the State Council to oversee the space industry. In 1960, Qian Xuesen founded the Combat Research Department at the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National Defence. It was China's first military operations research centre. During the Cultural Revolution, the Seventh Ministry experienced conflicting factions within it. In January 1967, key leadership including Qian Xuesen were ousted for several months; Zhou Enlai ultimately intervened and reversed the ouster. Conflict, including physical conflict, later resumed and in June 1968 missile expert Yao Tongbin was beaten to death. In April 1988 the Ministry merged with the Ministry of the Aviation Industry and adopted the name of the Ministry of Aviation and Space Industry.
Hua Guofeng (born Su Zhu (苏铸); 16 February 1921 – 20 August 2008; also spelled as Hua Kuo-feng) was a Chinese politician who served as chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and the premier of China. As the successor of Mao Zedong, Hua held the top offices of the government, party, and the military after the deaths of Mao and Premier Zhou Enlai, but was gradually forced out of power between December 1978 and June 1981, and subsequently retreated from the political limelight, though still remaining a member of the Central Committee until 2002. Born and raised in Jiaocheng, Hua joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1938, seeing action in both the Second Sino–Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War as a guerrilla fighter. In 1948, he was appointed party secretary of Xiangtan in Hunan, which included Mao's birthplace of Shaoshan. A popular local administrator, Hua rose to become Hunan's party secretary during the Cultural Revolution, and was elevated to the national stage in the early 1970s, notably assuming control of the Ministry of Public Security in 1973 and vice premier in 1975. After the death of Zhou Enlai in January 1976, Mao elevated Hua to the positions of premier and first vice chairman of the CCP, which made him Mao's designated successor. In October 1976, a month after Mao's death, Hua arrested and removed the Gang of Four from power with the assistance of Mao's security chief Wang Dongxing, who became one of Hua's key supporters along with vice premier and chief economic planner Li Xiannian, and Luo Qingchang, head of the intelligence services. Hua also succeeded Mao as party chairman and chairman of the Central Military Commission, becoming the first to simultaneously hold the offices of party leader, premier, and commander-in-chief, as well as the only paramount leader to hold the office of premier. While Hua ended the Cultural Revolution's most notorious policies, such as the constant ideological campaigns, he remained generally committed to a command economy and the continuation of the Maoist line. Between December 1978 and June 1981, Deng Xiaoping and his supporters forced Hua from his position of paramount leader but allowed him to retain some titles. Hua gradually faded into political obscurity, but continued to insist on the correctness of Maoist principles.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.