Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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"Bad command or file name" is a common and ambiguous error message in MS-DOS.[1]
COMMAND.COM produces this error message when the first word of a command could not be interpreted. Because this word must be the name of an internal command, executable file or batch file,[2] the error message provided an accurate description of the problem, but easily confused novices. The wording gave the impression that filenames provided as arguments to the commands were damaged or invalid. Later, the wording of the error message was changed for clarity. Windows NT displays the following error message instead (where "foo" is replaced by the word causing error):[3]
"foo" is not recognized as an internal or external command,
operable program or batch file.
Some early Unix shells produced the equally cryptic "foo: no such file or directory" again accurately describing what is wrong but confusing users. Most modern shells produce an error message similar to "foo: command not found".[4][5][6]
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"Bad command or file name" is a common and ambiguous error message in MS-DOS. COMMAND.COM produces this error message when the first word of a command could not be interpreted. Because this word must be the name of an internal command, executable file or batch file, the error message provided an accurate description of the problem, but easily confused novices. The wording gave the impression that filenames provided as arguments to the commands were damaged or invalid. Later, the wording of the error message was changed for clarity. Windows NT displays the following error message instead (where "foo" is replaced by the word causing error):"foo" is not recognized as an internal or external command,operable program or batch file. Some early Unix shells produced the equally cryptic "foo: no such file or directory" again accurately describing what is wrong but confusing users. Most modern shells produce an error message similar to "foo: command not found".
A COM file is a type of simple executable file. On the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX operating systems of the 1970s, .COM was used as a filename extension for text files containing commands to be issued to the operating system (similar to a batch file). With the introduction of Digital Research's CP/M (a microcomputer operating system modeled after TOPS-10 for the PDP-10), the type of files commonly associated with COM extension changed to that of executable files. This convention was later carried over to DOS. Even when complemented by the more general EXE file format for executables, the compact COM files remained viable and frequently used under DOS. The .COM file name extension has no relation to the .com (for "commercial") top-level Internet domain name. However, this similarity in name has been exploited by malware writers.
This is a list of computer file formats, categorized by domain. Some formats are listed under multiple categories. Most of the file endings are traditionally written lower case (example: .png) Each format is identified by a phrase that is the format's full or abbreviated name. The typical file name extension used for a format is included in parentheses if it differs from the identifier, ignoring case. The use of file name extension varies by operating system and file system. Some older file systems, such as File Allocation Table (FAT), limited an extension to 3 characters, but modern systems do not. Microsoft operating systems (i.e. MS-DOS and Windows) depend more on the extension to associate contextual and semantic meaning to a file than Unix-based systems.
The computer file hosts is an operating system file that maps hostnames to IP addresses. It is a plain text file. Originally a file named HOSTS.TXT was manually maintained and made available via file sharing by Stanford Research Institute for the ARPANET membership, containing the hostnames and address of hosts as contributed for inclusion by member organizations. The Domain Name System, first described in 1983 and implemented in 1984, automated the publication process and provided instantaneous and dynamic hostname resolution in the rapidly growing network. In modern operating systems, the hosts file remains an alternative name resolution mechanism, configurable often as part of facilities such as the Name Service Switch as either the primary method or as a fallback method.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
