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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Discipline | Palaeontology |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Edited by | Carolin Haug, Christian Klug, Johannes Müller, Torsten Scheyer, Alexander Schmidt and Florian Witzmann |
| Publication details | |
Former names | Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe |
| History | 1998-present |
| Publisher | Pensoft Publishers on behalf of the Museum für Naturkunde |
| Frequency | Biannual |
| Yes | |
| License | CC BY 4.0 |
| 2.0 (2025) | |
| Standard abbreviations | |
| ISO 4 | Foss. Rec. |
| NLM | Mitt Mus Nat Berl Foss Rec |
| Indexing | |
| ISSN | 2193-0066 (print) 2193-0074 (web) |
| LCCN | 2006238700 |
| OCLC no. | 891343714 |
| Links | |
Fossil Record is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering palaeontology. It was established in 1998 as the Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe and originally published on behalf of the Museum für Naturkunde by Wiley-VCH. On 1 January 2022, Fossil Record changed publisher to Pensoft Publishers,[1] the editor-in-chief is Florian Witzmann.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded, BIOSIS Previews, The Zoological Record,[2] and Scopus.[3] According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.081.[4]
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Fossil Record is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering palaeontology. It was established in 1998 as the Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe and originally published on behalf of the Museum für Naturkunde by Wiley-VCH. On 1 January 2022, Fossil Record changed publisher to Pensoft Publishers, the editor-in-chief is Florian Witzmann.
The fossil record of fire first appears about 430 million years ago during the Silurian period, with the find of charcoal in Silurian layers of Wales and Poland. This is considered proof that fires happened to the then-existing macroscopic land plants. To occur, fire needs oxygen in the air. In the oceans of the Proterozoic eon, the rise of eukaryotic photoautotrophs (green and red algae) for hundreds of millions of years injected further oxygen into the air and, much later, the appearance of macroscopic land plants (embryophytes) led to increased levels of oxygen in the atmosphere as the new hordes of land plants pumped it out as a waste product. When this concentration rose above 13%, it led to the possibility of wildfire. Wildfires were first recorded in the late Silurian fossil record, 430 million years ago, evidenced by fossils of charcoalified plants found in the 2020s. Before these finds, evidence of wildfires dated 420 million years ago had been found in the early 2000s. Apart from a controversial gap in the Late Devonian, charcoal has been present in the fossil record ever since. The level of atmospheric oxygen is closely related to the prevalence of charcoal, as oxygen is the key factor in the abundance of wildfire. Fire also became more abundant when grasses became the dominant component of many ecosystems around 6 to 7 million years ago. This kindling provided tinder, which allowed for the rapid spread of fire. These widespread fires may have initiated a positive feedback process, whereby they produced a warmer, drier climate more conducive to fire.
The Lepidoptera fossil record encompasses all butterflies and moths that lived before recorded history. The fossil record for Lepidoptera is lacking in comparison to other winged species, and tending not to be as common as some other insects in the habitats that are most conducive to fossilization, such as lakes and ponds, and their juvenile stage has only the head capsule as a hard part that might be preserved. Yet there are fossils, some preserved in amber and some in very fine sediments. Leaf mines are also seen in fossil leaves, although the interpretation of them is tricky. Putative fossil stem group representatives of Amphiesmenoptera (the clade comprising Trichoptera and Lepidoptera) are known from the Triassic. Previously, the earliest known lepidopteran fossils were three wings of Archaeolepis mane, a primitive moth-like species from the Jurassic, about 190 million years ago, found in Dorset, UK, which show scales with parallel grooves under a scanning electron microscope and a characteristic wing venation pattern shared with Trichoptera (caddisflies). In 2018, the discovery of exquisite fossilised scales from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary were reported in the journal Science Advances. They were found as rare palynological elements in the sediments of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary from the cored Schandelah-1 well, drilled near Braunschweig in northern Germany. This pushes back the fossil record and origin of glossatan lepidopterans by about 70 million years, supporting molecular estimates of a Norian (c. 212 million years) divergence of glossatan and non-glossatan lepidopterans. The authors of the study proposed that lepidopterans evolved a proboscis as an adaptation to drink from droplets and thin films of water for maintaining fluid balance in the hot and arid climate of the Triassic. Only two more sets of Jurassic lepidopteran fossils have been found, as well as 13 sets from the Cretaceous, which all belong to primitive moth-like families. Many more fossils are found from the Cenozoic, and particularly the Eocene Baltic amber. The oldest genuine butterflies of the superfamily Papilionoidea have been found in the Early Eocene (Ypresian) MoClay or Fur Formation of Denmark. The best preserved fossil lepidopteran is considered to be the Eocene Prodryas persephone from the Florissant Fossil Beds.
A protist is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor, the last eukaryotic common ancestor, the exclusion of other eukaryotes means that protists do not form a natural group, or clade. Therefore, some protists may be more closely related to animals, plants, or fungi than they are to other protists. However, like algae, invertebrates and protozoans, the grouping is used for convenience. Many protists have neither hard parts nor resistant spores, and their fossils are extremely rare or unknown. Examples of such groups include the apicomplexans, most ciliates, some green algae (the Klebsormidiales), choanoflagellates, oomycetes, brown algae, yellow-green algae, Excavata (e.g., euglenids). Some of these have been found preserved in amber (fossilized tree resin) or under unusual conditions (e.g., Paleoleishmania, a kinetoplastid). Others are relatively common in the fossil record, as the diatoms, golden algae, haptophytes (coccoliths), silicoflagellates, tintinnids (ciliates), dinoflagellates, green algae, red algae, heliozoans, radiolarians, foraminiferans, ebriids and testate amoebae (euglyphids, arcellaceans). Some are used as paleoecological indicators to reconstruct ancient environments. More probable eukaryote fossils begin to appear at about 1.8 billion years ago, the acritarchs, spherical fossils of likely algal protists. Another possible representative of early fossil eukaryotes are the Gabonionta.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.
