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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 | Parts of this article (those related to work after COSME ended in 2020) need to be updated. (February 2025) |
The Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP) of the European Commission, which operated from 2007 to 2013, aimed to improve the competitiveness of European companies facing the challenges of globalization. The programme was mainly aimed at small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which could receive support for innovation activities, better access to finance and business support services. The programme sought to encourage the usage of information and communications technologies (ICT), renewable energies and to promote energy efficiency.
The CIP was based on Decision No 1639/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 2006 establishing a Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (2007 to 2013).
The CIP is complementary to the 7th Framework Programme (FP7); the two programmes were to be "mutually-reinforcing" and "each designed to contribute to the success of the other".[1] The Commission noted during the recession which occurred from 2007 onwards that small businesses needed additional support and so the implementation of the programme's financial instruments was speeded up and its approval procedures were simplified.[2]
A further programme, COSME,[3] followed up CIP and ran 2014 to 2020.[4]
The CIP consisted of three programmes:
All three programmes were managed by the Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation (EACI), an EU government body established by the European Commission to operate and oversee the various activities of CIP.
The EIP aimed to facilitate access to finance for the start-up and growth of SMEs and to encourage investment in innovation activities and to create an environment favourable to SME cooperation, particularly in the field of cross-border cooperation, thereby promoting and assisting in all forms of innovation in enterprises. It specifically supported innovation efforts in the ecological sector. It also had a broader ambition to promote an entrepreneurship and innovation culture and related economic and administrative reform.
To help achieve these objectives the Commission has funded a number of actions. One of these was the formation of the Enterprise Europe Network, which started to form during January 2008. This network has been established by integrating two former networks: the Euro Info Centres (EIC) and the Innovation Relay Centres (IRC). There were over 500 regional teams across Europe and beyond in 40 countries, making it the world's largest business and innovation support network.[citation needed] The objective of integrating the two networks is to offer businesses a one-stop-shop of integrated services under one roof to better assist companies in addressing their business and innovation need. The type of services offered by many of the regional teams comprises:
Each of the Enterprise Europe Network Centres also offer a channel for passing feedback from businesses to the Commission on policies. All the Centres are also required to help engage businesses in EU policy-making by promoting consultations opened by the EC. The Network is essentially the front line for business and innovation support offered by Directorate General Enterprise and Industry,[6] one of the various divisions or Directorate Generals comprising the European Commission.
In addition to the new Network, DG Enterprise & Industry have established other initiatives such as the European Investment Fund (EIF),[7] which provisions for venture capital aimed at SMEs - in particular high-tech early-stage companies.
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP) of the European Commission, which operated from 2007 to 2013, aimed to improve the competitiveness of European companies facing the challenges of globalization. The programme was mainly aimed at small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which could receive support for innovation activities, better access to finance and business support services. The programme sought to encourage the usage of information and communications technologies (ICT), renewable energies and to promote energy efficiency.
The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP1 to FP9, are funding programmes created by the European Union/European Commission to support and foster research in the European Research Area (ERA). Starting in 2014, the funding programmes were named Horizon. The funding programmes began in 1984 and continue to the present day. The most recent programme, Horizon Europe, has a budget of 95.5 billion Euros to be distributed over seven years. The specific objectives and actions vary between funding periods. In FP6 and FP7, focus was on technological research. In Horizon 2020, the focus was on innovation, delivering economic growth faster, and delivering solutions to end users that are often governmental agencies.
FP4 may refer to: FP4 plus, an Ilford FP black-and-white photographic film Fourth Framework Programme (FP4), one of the EU Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development FP4, a Roland Corporation electric piano Fairphone 4, a smartphone FP4, a 4-bit minifloat numeric representation used in machine learning
Horizon Europe is a seven-year European Union scientific research initiative to help develop a sustainable and livable society in Europe. It is the ninth of the Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development (FP9), and the successor of the Horizon 2020 programme (FP8). The European Commission drafted and approved a plan for Horizon Europe to raise EU science spending levels by 50% over the years 2021–2027.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Joe Louis.
