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Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
In mathematics, an argument of a function is a value provided to obtain the function's result. It is also called an independent variable.[1]
For example, the binary function has two arguments, and , in an ordered pair . The hypergeometric function is an example of a four-argument function. The number of arguments that a function takes is called the arity of the function. A function that takes a single argument as input, such as , is called a unary function. A function of two or more variables is considered to have a domain consisting of ordered pairs or tuples of argument values. The argument of a circular function is an angle. The argument of a hyperbolic function is a hyperbolic angle.
A mathematical function has one or more arguments in the form of independent variables designated in the definition, which can also contain parameters. The independent variables are mentioned in the list of arguments that the function takes, whereas the parameters are not. For example, in the logarithmic function the base is considered a parameter.
Sometimes, subscripts can be used to denote arguments. For example, we can use subscripts to denote the arguments with respect to which partial derivatives are taken.[2]
The use of the term "argument" in this sense developed from astronomy, which historically used tables to determine the spatial positions of planets from their positions in the sky (ephemerides). These tables were organized according to measured angles called arguments, literally "that which elucidates something else."[3][4]
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
In mathematics, an argument of a function is a value provided to obtain the function's result. It is also called an independent variable. For example, the binary function f ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 {\displaystyle f(x,y)=x^{2}+y^{2}} has two arguments, x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} , in an ordered pair ( x , y ) {\displaystyle (x,y)} . The hypergeometric function is an example of a four-argument function. The number of arguments that a function takes is called the arity of the function. A function that takes a single argument as input, such as f ( x ) = x 2 {\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}} , is called a unary function. A function of two or more variables is considered to have a domain consisting of ordered pairs or tuples of argument values. The argument of a circular function is an angle. The argument of a hyperbolic function is a hyperbolic angle. A mathematical function has one or more arguments in the form of independent variables designated in the definition, which can also contain parameters. The independent variables are mentioned in the list of arguments that the function takes, whereas the parameters are not. For example, in the logarithmic function f ( x ) = log b ( x ) , {\displaystyle f(x)=\log _{b}(x),} the base b {\displaystyle b} is considered a parameter. Sometimes, subscripts can be used to denote arguments. For example, we can use subscripts to denote the arguments with respect to which partial derivatives are taken. The use of the term "argument" in this sense developed from astronomy, which historically used tables to determine the spatial positions of planets from their positions in the sky (ephemerides). These tables were organized according to measured angles called arguments, literally "that which elucidates something else."
In mathematics, the error function (also called the Gauss error function), often denoted by e r f {\displaystyle \mathbf {erf} } , is the function erf ( z ) = 2 π ∫ 0 z e − t 2 d t . {\displaystyle \operatorname {erf} (z)={\frac {2}{\sqrt {\pi }}}\int _{0}^{z}e^{-t^{2}}\,dt.} The integral here is a complex contour integral which is path-independent because exp ( − t 2 ) {\displaystyle \exp(-t^{2})} is holomorphic on the whole complex plane C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } . In many applications, the function argument is a real number, in which case the function value is also real. In some older texts, the error function is defined without the factor of 2 / π {\displaystyle 2/{\sqrt {\pi }}} . This nonelementary integral is a sigmoid function that occurs often in probability, statistics, and partial differential equations. In statistics, for non-negative real values of X {\displaystyle X} , the error function has the following interpretation: for a real random variable Y {\displaystyle Y} that is normally distributed with mean 0 and standard deviation 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 1/{\sqrt {2}}} , erf ( x ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {erf} (x)} is the probability that Y {\displaystyle Y} falls in the range [ − x , x ] {\displaystyle [-x,x]} . Two closely related functions are the complementary error function erfc ( z ) = 1 − erf ( z ) {\displaystyle \operatorname {erfc} (z)=1-\operatorname {erf} (z)} and the imaginary error function erfi ( z ) = − i erf ( i z ) , {\displaystyle \operatorname {erfi} (z)=-i\operatorname {erf} (iz),} where i {\displaystyle i} is the imaginary unit.
In computer science, a programming language is said to have first-class functions if it treats functions as first-class citizens. This means the language supports passing functions as arguments to other functions, returning them as the values from other functions, and assigning them to variables or storing them in data structures. Some programming language theorists require support for anonymous functions (function literals) as well. In languages with first-class functions, the names of functions do not have any special status; they are treated like ordinary variables with a function type. The term was coined by Christopher Strachey in the context of "functions as first-class citizens" in the mid-1960s. First-class functions are a necessity for the functional programming style, in which the use of higher-order functions is a standard practice. A simple example of a higher-ordered function is the map function, which takes, as its arguments, a function and a list, and returns the list formed by applying the function to each member of the list. For a language to support map, it must support passing a function as an argument. There are certain implementation difficulties in passing functions as arguments or returning them as results, especially in the presence of non-local variables introduced in nested and anonymous functions. Historically, these were termed the funarg problems, the name coming from function argument. In early imperative languages these problems were avoided by either not supporting functions as result types (e.g. ALGOL 60, Pascal) or omitting nested functions and thus non-local variables (e.g. C). The early functional language Lisp took the approach of dynamic scoping, where non-local variables refer to the closest definition of that variable at the point where the function is executed, instead of where it was defined. Proper support for lexically scoped first-class functions was introduced in Scheme and requires handling references to functions as closures instead of bare function pointers, which in turn makes garbage collection a necessity.
In the C++ programming language, argument-dependent lookup (ADL), or argument-dependent name lookup, applies to the lookup of an unqualified function name depending on the types of the arguments given to the function call. This behavior is also known as Koenig lookup, as it is often attributed to Andrew Koenig, though he is not its inventor. During argument-dependent lookup, other namespaces not considered during normal lookup may be searched where the set of namespaces to be searched depends on the types of the function arguments. Specifically, the set of declarations discovered during the ADL process, and considered for resolution of the function name, is the union of the declarations found by normal lookup with the declarations found by looking in the set of namespaces associated with the types of the function arguments.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
