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The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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Katherine Johnson — Mathematics to the Moon

Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.

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Wikipedia

GLM (AI)

GLM
DeveloperZ.ai
Release3 March 2021; 5 years ago (2021-03-03)
Stable release
GLM-5.3-FlashX
21 September 2026; 30 days ago (2026-09-21)
PlatformCloud computing platforms
Local computers
Type
LicenseVarious; see § Models

GLM, short for General Language Model, is a series of open weight large language models developed by Chinese software company Z.ai. Though the first GLM model was published on 3 March 2021, it was released under the name ChatGLM as an AI-based chatbot in March 2023. It is also used in AI-assisted software development.[1]

GLM is the flagship model series of Z.ai, one of the six AI tigers of China. The weights of most GLM models are released under the MIT License or Apache License 2.0, allowing them to be run either locally or in the cloud.

History

[edit]

GLM was first described in an 18 March 2021 paper titled GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infilling.[2]

GLM was released as a chatbot in March 2023 under the name ChatGLM.[3] The company's benchmarks show that the 5.2 iteration of the model released in June 2026 was nearly as performant as Claude Opus 4.7 to 4.8.[4]

Beginning with GLM-5, Z.ai adopted the DeepSeek Sparse Attention mechanism.[5] Hugging Face self-hosted GLM-5.2 for data processing to mitigate a cyberattack autonomously conducted by two OpenAI models, including GPT-5.6 Sol, that had escaped their sandbox in July 2026. Prior to deploying GLM-5.2, Hugging Face had attempted to use American proprietary frontier models, which were prevented by their AI safety guardrails from answering the company's requests.[6][7][8]

Z.ai released GLM-5.3 on 14 August 2026 and made the model's weights available two weeks later, it uses 753 billion parameters, with 40 billion active.[9][10][11][12] Later that month, Z.ai anonymously previewed a model called Ox Alpha on OpenRouter, which was released with weights on 26 August as GLM-5.3-Flash. Upon full release, Z.ai disclosed that they had been serving the model using AI chips manufactured in China.[13] In September, CAISI found it to be the most advanced in cybersecurity among open-weight models.[14]

Models

[edit]
List of models
Name Release date License Ref.
GLM March 2021 MIT [15][1]
GLM-130B September 2022 Apache 2.0 [16]
ChatGLM-130B March 2023 Proprietary [17]
ChatGLM-6B March 2023 Apache 2.0 [18]
ChatGLM2-6B June 2023 [19]
ChatGLM3-6B October 2023 [20]
GLM-4 (0116) January 2024 Proprietary [17][1]
GLM-4 (0520) May 2024 [17]
GLM-4-Air (0605) June 2024 [17]
GLM-4-9B June 2024 Apache 2.0 [21]
GLM-4-Plus August 2024 Proprietary [22]
GLM-4-Voice October 2024 Apache 2.0 [23][22][24]
GLM-4-Air-250414 April 2025 Proprietary [25]
GLM-4-FlashX-250414 April 2025 [25]
GLM-4-Flash-250414 April 2025 [25]
GLM-4-9B-0414 April 2025 MIT [26]
GLM-4-32B-0414 April 2025 [27]
GLM-4.1V-Thinking July 2025 [28][29]
GLM-4.5 July 2025 [30][31]
GLM-4.5V August 2025 [32][33]
GLM-4.6 September 2025 [34][35]
GLM-4.6V December 2025 [36][37]
GLM-4.7 December 2025 [38][39]
GLM-5 February 2026 [40][41][42]
GLM-5.1 April 2026 [43][44][45]
GLM-5.2 June 2026 [46][47][48]
GLM-5.3 August 2026 GLM-5.3[49] [10][11][12]
GLM-5.3-Flash August 2026 MIT [13][50]
GLM-5.3-FlashX September 2026 Proprietary

Products

[edit]

In addition to the ability to run locally, such as via llama.cpp, GLM models are available via API at per-token costs directly from Z.ai.[51] Z.ai also offers a subscription-based plan for API model access, the GLM Coding Plan. The plan is priced at approximately one tenth of a subscription to Claude Code.[46]

Z.ai also collaborated with Alibaba Cloud to release AutoGLM, a tool to run GLM from a mobile phone app similarly to OpenClaw.[52]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "About us". zhipuai.cn.
  2. ^ Du, Zhengxiao; Qian, Yujie; Liu, Xiao; Ding, Ming; Qiu, Jiezhong; Yang, Zhilin; Tang, Jie (2021). "GLM: General Language Model Pretraining with Autoregressive Blank Infilling". arXiv:2103.10360 [cs.CL].
  3. ^ ChatGLM：预训练大模型探索与实践 (PDF). tsinghua.edu (in Chinese).
  4. ^ "CEO of Chinese Anthropic rival tells Elon Musk that China will have a Fable 5-class AI model before next year — it 'won't take that long' says Jie Tang in response to Musk's prediction of a Q1 target". tomshardware.com. 19 June 2026.
  5. ^ Zeng, Aohan; Lv, Xin; Hou, Zhenyu; Du, Zhengxiao; Zheng, Qinkai; Chen, Bin; Yin, Da; Ge, Chendi; et al. (24 February 2026). "GLM-5: from Vibe Coding to Agentic Engineering". arXiv:2602.15763 [cs.LG].
  6. ^ Soni, Aditya; Singh, Jaspreet (22 July 2026). "Chinese AI's role in stopping rogue OpenAI agent shows cost of US guardrails". Reuters. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  7. ^ Goudarzi, Sara (23 July 2026). "What the OpenAI-Hugging Face incident reveals about US-China AI interdependence". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  8. ^ Shen, Xinmei (22 July 2026). "China's Zhipu AI model contains hack after OpenAI models go rogue". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 23 July 2026.
  9. ^ "GLM-5.3 (max) - Intelligence, Performance & Price Analysis | Artificial Analysis". artificialanalysis.ai. Retrieved 15 October 2026.
  10. ^ a b Baptista, Eduardo; Chen, Laurie (14 August 2026). "China's Z.ai says new model nears Anthropic's Mythos 5 in cyber-defence tests". Reuters. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  11. ^ a b Kunz, Christopher (14 August 2026). "New version of the open-weight model: GLM 5.3 improves security capabilities". Heise Online. Retrieved 15 August 2026.
  12. ^ a b Lohr, Steve; Tobin, Meaghan (28 August 2026). "China Sees Opportunity in America's Recent A.I. Security Scares". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 August 2026.
  13. ^ a b Ding, Luz (26 August 2026). "China's Z.ai Made Ox Alpha Stealth Model, Rivaling DeepSeek". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 26 August 2026.
  14. ^ "CAISI's Assessment of Z.ai's GLM-5.3 Cyber Capabilities". NIST. 17 September 2026.
  15. ^ "THUDM/GLM: GLM (General Language Model)". GitHub. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  16. ^ "zai-org/GLM-130B: GLM-130B: An Open Bilingual Pre-Trained Model (ICLR 2023)". GitHub. 17 July 2026. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  17. ^ a b c d Wang; Zihan (18 June 2024). "ChatGLM: A Family of Large Language Models from GLM-130B to GLM-4 All Tools". arXiv:2406.12793 [cs.CL].
  18. ^ "zai-org/chatglm-6b · Hugging Face". huggingface.co. 18 June 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  19. ^ "zai-org/chatglm2-6b · Hugging Face". huggingface.co. 18 June 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  20. ^ "zai-org/chatglm3-6b · Hugging Face". huggingface.co. 18 June 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  21. ^ "zai-org/GLM-4: GLM-4 series: Open Multilingual Multimodal Chat LMs | 开源多语言多模态对话模型". GitHub. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  22. ^ a b Nguyen, Britney (10 March 2025). "Meet the 'Six Tigers' that dominate China's AI industry". Quartz. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
  23. ^ zai-org/GLM-4-Voice: GLM-4-Voice | 端到端中英语音对话模型. GitHub. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  24. ^ "LICENSE · zai-org/glm-4-voice-9b". Hugging Face. 25 October 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2026.
  25. ^ a b c 北京智谱华章科技有限公司 (3 October 2024). "ZHIPU AI OPEN PLATFORM". bigmodel.cn. Archived from the original on 3 October 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  26. ^ "zai-org/GLM-4-9B-0414 · Hugging Face". huggingface.co. 2 March 2026. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  27. ^ "zai-org/GLM-4-32B-0414 · Hugging Face". huggingface.co. 2 March 2026. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  28. ^ Zhou, Wen (2 July 2025). 智谱获浦东创投、张江集团 10 亿元战略投资，开源发布新一代通用视觉语言模型 GLM-4.1V-Thinking [Zhipu Secures ¥1 Billion in Strategic Investment from Pudong Venture Capital and Zhangjiang Group, Open-Sources Next-Generation General-Purpose Vision-Language Model GLM-4.1V-Thinking]. ITHome (in Chinese). Retrieved 12 April 2026.
  29. ^ "README.md · zai-org/GLM-4.1V-9B-Thinking". 25 October 2025. Retrieved 12 April 2026 – via Hugging Face.
  30. ^ Cheng, Evelyn (28 July 2025). "China's latest AI model claims to be even cheaper to use than DeepSeek". CNBC. Retrieved 19 August 2025.
  31. ^ "README.md · zai-org/GLM-4.5". 11 August 2025. Retrieved 12 April 2026 – via Hugging Face.
  32. ^ Hao Miao (11 August 2025). 智谱视觉推理模型 GLM-4.5V 上线并开源，号称“全球 100B 级效果最佳” [Zhipu's Vision-Language Model GLM-4.5V Launches and Is Open-Sourced, Hailed as the "Best-Performing 100B-Class Model Globally"]. ITHome (in Chinese). Retrieved 11 April 2026.
  33. ^ "README.md · zai-org/GLM-4.5V". 25 October 2025. Retrieved 11 April 2026 – via Hugging Face.
  34. ^ Chow, Vincent (1 October 2025). "China's Z.ai targets US AI leaders with new flagship model as coding wars heat up". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
  35. ^ "README.md · zai-org/GLM-4.6". 30 September 2025. Retrieved 11 April 2026 – via Hugging Face.
  36. ^ Franzen, Carl (8 December 2025). "Z.ai debuts open source GLM-4.6V, a native tool-calling vision model for multimodal reasoning". VentureBeat. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
  37. ^ "README.md · zai-org/GLM-4.6V". 9 December 2025. Retrieved 11 April 2026 – via Hugging Face.
  38. ^ "Introducing the Chinese-made AI 'GLM-4.7,' which is strong in coding, and an open model that surpasses Gemini 3.0 Pro in some tests". Gigazine. 23 December 2025. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
  39. ^ "README.md · zai-org/GLM-4.7". 8 January 2026. Retrieved 11 April 2026 – via Hugging Face.
  40. ^ Chow, Vincent (12 February 2026). "China's Zhipu AI launches new major model GLM-5 in challenge to its rivals". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 17 February 2026.
  41. ^ Mo, Liam; Goh, Brenda; Chen, Laurie (11 February 2026). D'Silva, Anil (ed.). "Chinese AI startup Zhipu releases new flagship model GLM-5". Reuters. Retrieved 17 February 2026.
  42. ^ "README.md · zai-org/GLM-5". 5 April 2026. Retrieved 11 April 2026 – via Hugging Face.
  43. ^ Chang, Minxiao (8 April 2026). "China's Zhipu AI open-sources flagship model, raises prices to narrow gap with US rivals". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 9 April 2026. Retrieved 10 April 2026.
  44. ^ Thomas, Prasanth Aby (8 April 2026). "Z.ai unveils GLM-5.1, enabling AI coding agents to run autonomously for hours". Computerworld. Retrieved 11 April 2026.
  45. ^ "README.md · zai-org/GLM-5.1". 8 April 2026. Retrieved 11 April 2026 – via Hugging Face.
  46. ^ a b Chang, Minxiao (15 June 2026). "Zhipu AI's stock rockets after Chinese firm launches GLM-5.2 model". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 17 June 2026.
  47. ^ "China's Z.ai GLM-5.2 tops OpenAI's GPT 5.5 model on key benchmarks". The Economic Times. 17 June 2026. Retrieved 17 June 2026.
  48. ^ "GLM-5.2: Built for Long-Horizon Tasks". Z.ai. Retrieved 16 June 2026.
  49. ^ "LICENSE · zai-org/GLM-5.3". 28 August 2026. Retrieved 28 August 2026 – via Hugging Face.
  50. ^ "LICENSE · zai-org/GLM-5.3-Flash". 26 August 2026. Retrieved 26 August 2026 – via Hugging Face.
  51. ^ "Z.ai API Platform — Start building with GLM-5.3". z.ai. Retrieved 20 August 2026.
  52. ^ "OpenClaw sparks boom as Chinese firms race into the AI agent era". technode.com. 10 March 2026.

Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.

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Wikipedia

GLM (AI)

GLM, short for General Language Model, is a series of open weight large language models developed by Chinese software company Z.ai. Though the first GLM model was published on 3 March 2021, it was released under the name ChatGLM as an AI-based chatbot in March 2023. It is also used in AI-assisted software development. GLM is the flagship model series of Z.ai, one of the six AI tigers of China. The weights of most GLM models are released under the MIT License or Apache License 2.0, allowing them to be run either locally or in the cloud.

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Wikipedia

Z.ai

Z.AI Co., Ltd., branded internationally as Z.ai, is a Chinese artificial intelligence company; their flagship product is the GLM (General Language Model) family of open weights large language models (LLMs). Formerly known as Zhipu AI outside China until 2025, it is China's first major LLM company to make initial public offering, on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in January 2026. With a market capitalization of US$62 billion as of August 2026, it is the most valuable public AI pure play in China. Founded in Beijing in 2019 by Jie Tang as a Tsinghua University spin-out, researchers introduced the first GLM version in May 2022, preceding the AI boom. Z.ai's models have released under the free and open-source MIT License since July 2025; they have also released vision language models, text-to-video models, and the ZCode AI coding harness. As of 2024, it is one of China's six "AI tiger" companies by investors and considered to be the third-largest LLM market player in China according to the International Data Corporation. In January 2025, the United States Commerce Department blacklisted the company in its Entity List due to national security concerns. Z.ai owns AMiner, a research database similar to Google Scholar.

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Wikipedia

AI tiger

AI tiger (Chinese: AI六小虎, romanized: AI liù xiǎohǔ, lit. 'Six AI little tigers') is a term for notable startup companies in the artificial intelligence industry in China. There are commonly six companies defined as AI tigers: Z.ai (GLM), Moonshot AI (Kimi), MiniMax, Baichuan, StepFun, and 01.AI. Funding rounds for the tigers are led by BATX, which are composed of China's four largest tech firms.

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Wikipedia

Thinking Machines Lab

Thinking Machines Lab Inc. is an American artificial intelligence (AI) startup founded by Mira Murati, the former chief technology officer of OpenAI. Their flagship model is Inkling, an open weights large language model. The company was founded in February 2025, and by July had completed an early-stage funding round led by Andreessen Horowitz, raising $2 billion at a valuation of $12 billion overall from investors such as Nvidia, AMD, Cisco, and Jane Street. The company is based in San Francisco and structured as a public benefit corporation. Inkling released under the Apache License on July 15, 2026, with 975 billion parameters; the company released Inkling Small, a distilled 276-billion parameter model with similar performance, the same month. The model was partially developed using Chinese open weights models DeepSeek-V3 for its foundation and Moonshot AI's Kimi K2.5 for post-training synthetic data. At the time, Inkling was considered the largest and most powerful open weights model released outside of China, exceeding Nvidia's Nemotron 3 Ultra. Thinking Machines launched Tinker, an API for fine-tuning open weights models, in October 2025. As of August 2026, Tinker supports open models families Inkling, Qwen, and Nemotron, and models DeepSeek-V3.1, GLM-5.3, Kimi K2.6, and gpt-oss.

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Who was the first African-American woman millionaire in the United States?

Madam C.J. Walker