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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
Ghurab or gurab is a type of merchant and warship from the Nusantara archipelago. The ship was a result of Mediterranean influences in the region, particularly introduced by the Arabs, Persians, and Ottomans.[1] For their war fleet, the Malays prefer to use shallow draught, oared longships similar to the galley, such as lancaran, penjajap, and kelulus.[note 1] This is very different from the Javanese who prefer long-range, deep-draught round ships such as jong and malangbang. The reason for this difference is that the Malays operated their ships in riverine water, sheltered straits zone, and archipelagic environment, while the Javanese are often active in the open and high sea. After contact with Iberian people, both the Javanese and Malay fleets began to use the ghurab and ghali more frequently.[4]: 270–277, 290–291, 296–301 [5]: 148, 155
The name of this ship includes gorap, gorab, gurab, ghurap, gurap, and benawa gurab. The name comes from the Arab word "ghurāb" or "ghorāb", meaning raven or crow. The word also means "vessel" or "galley" in Arabic or Persian.[6]: 86, 98, 100 [7]: 279, 350, 406 The word benawa or banawa comes from the Old Javanese language, which means boat or ship.[8]: 75 [9]: 201 In the Malay language the meaning is more or less the same. In different languages, the word can refer to different types of ships and boats, depending on the context of the sentence.[10]: 195–196
Ghurab is a medium to large-sized trading vessel. They can be converted into a warship by adding swivel guns (rentaka). Early ghurab was galley-like, it has oars in addition to sails.[5]: 163, 165
The larger ghurab had 2 guns pointing forward (bow-chaser) and 15 on each side, with a total of 32 guns. The smaller ones carried 2 forward and 10 on each side (22 guns).[11]: 379 The ghurab has a projecting stern.[12]: 205 They may carry up to 3 masts.[13]: 201 H. Warington Smyth, in 1902 described a large 2-masted trading gurap built of giam wood. The dimension is as follows: 300 ft (91.4 m) long, 30 ft (9.1 m) wide, 20 ft (6.1 m) depth, and 11 ft (3.4 m) freeboard. The capacity was 100 koyan (241.9 metric tons), with a 100 ft (30.5 m) mainmast, crewed by 30 men. The vessel is using fore-and-aft sail made with cloth, with yard and gaff-topsail.[14]
Ghurab is used as a trading ship as well as a warship. One of the earliest accounts of ghurab has a background from the mid-14th century, mentioned in the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai of 1390s. The ghurab was said to be a ship of Majapahit empire, used to carry a princess named Radin Galoh Gemerenchang to marry a Pasai nobleman.[13]: 95, 97, 154, 156, 201 Ghurab was also used as a warship alongside the jong by the senapati ing alaga (commander-in-chief) of Majapahit.[13]: 98, 157, 202
The Hikayat Hang Tuah, which has a background of the late 15th to the early 16th century and was composed no earlier than the 17th century, mentioned that two pencalang and two ghurab were used by Majapahit to send a letter and gifts to improve the relationship with Malacca. The ghurabs were said to be "in the style of the Arabs' (ship)".[15]: 258
Until the early 16th century, the main merchant and warship of the Javanese was the jong, but since the mid-16th century the maritime forces of the archipelago began to use new types of agile naval vessels that could be equipped with larger cannons: In various attacks on Portuguese Malacca after the defeat of Pati Unus, they no longer used jong but used lancaran, ghurab, and ghali.[16]: 205–213 [5]
In 1515, Bintan attacked Kampar and Portuguese Malacca with 24 lancaran and 6 large ones called gurab.[16]: 212 Pigafetta's Italian-Malay vocabulary of 1521 (published 1524) mentioned Malay gurap as a galley (a la galia).[17]: 137 [18]: 238
The Hikayat Aceh states that the Acehnese sultanate had 120 large ghurab in the 1570s. The state ghurab (ghorab istana) of Aceh, Daya, and Pedir was said to carry 10 meriam, 50 lela, and 120 cecorong (excluding the istinggar). Smaller ones carried 5 meriam, 20 lela, and 50 cecorong.[19]
In 1624, the war fleet of the Mataram Sultanate numbered 2000 vessels consisting of gurab and small perahu.[16]: 212 On 22 August 1628, 59 goraps of Sultan Agung's navy appeared at Batavia, unloading provisions for the Siege of Batavia.[20]: 376
There are several types of ships historically also called ghurab or similar names. The description and construction of each vessel, however, aren't necessarily the same.
According to Al-Maqrizi (1441 A.D.), ghurābs of the mediterranean sea were huge war galleys. According to Ibn Mammati (1209 A.D.), these ships had 140 oars. Al-Maqrizi refers to both Muslim and Christian galleys as ghurāb.[21]: 188–189, 349 Reinaud said that ghorāb was the name given by Moors to true galleys. Ubaldo (1181) tells about ghurāb as vessels sailing to and from Tripoli.[22]: 363
Genizah letters mention cargo ghurābs that sailed from the Maghrib, Sicily, and on the Nile, carrying carob and flax.[23]: 476–477
Indian Ocean ghurāb, which often appears in the records of the 17th century was a native Arab-Persian and Indian cargo, pirate, and war vessel.[24]: 80–82
Abu Shama ca. 1266–1267, in Kitab al-rawdatayn fi akhbar al-dawlatayn, wrote about ghurāb:[7]: 321
"They sail by their masts (i.e. the sails); they (look like) quivers, but penetrate like arrows . . . It is no surprise that they are called ghurābs because they spread their wings like those of a dove"
Sidi Ali in 1552, describes ghurābs as "great (rowing) vessels"; he also says that smaller ghurābs are "galliots with oars".[25]: 300
Grab of Malabar coast is a vessel that was generally of shallow draft, and broad in proportion to its length. Size could range between 150 and as much as 500 tons (bm).[24]: 80–82
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Ghurab or gurab is a type of merchant and warship from the Nusantara archipelago. The ship was a result of Mediterranean influences in the region, particularly introduced by the Arabs, Persians, and Ottomans. For their war fleet, the Malays prefer to use shallow draught, oared longships similar to the galley, such as lancaran, penjajap, and kelulus. This is very different from the Javanese who prefer long-range, deep-draught round ships such as jong and malangbang. The reason for this difference is that the Malays operated their ships in riverine water, sheltered straits zone, and archipelagic environment, while the Javanese are often active in the open and high sea. After contact with Iberian people, both the Javanese and Malay fleets began to use the ghurab and ghali more frequently.
'Ushsh el-Ghurab is a hill located just north of Jericho in the West Bank. Its peak is −87.7 meters (−288 ft) relative to sea level, although it still rises appreciably above the still lower Plain of Jericho around it. Separated from the Mount of Temptation by the Wadi ed-Duyuk and the village and refugee camp of 'Ein ed-Duyuk el-Foqa, it was formerly identified as the location of part of Jesus's Temptation by the Devil.
Al-Qadi al-Amir Saad al-Din Ibrahim bin Abd al-Razzaq bin Ghurab al-Qibti al-Iskandarani al-Masry, Saad al-Din bin Alam al-Din bin Shams al-Din (Egyptian Arabic: القاضي الأمير سعد الدين إبراهيم بن عبد الرزاق بن غراب القبطي الاسكندراني المصري، سعد الدين بن علم الدين بن شمس الدين, Coptic: Ⲡⲓⲣⲉϥϯϩⲁⲡ ⲡⲓϫⲱϫ Ⲥⲁⲇ Ⲉⲗⲇⲓⲛ Ⲉⲃⲣⲏϩⲓⲙ ⲥⲉⲛⲀⲃⲧ Ⲉⲗⲣⲍⲏⲕ ⲥⲉⲛⲄⲟⲣⲏⲃ ⲡⲣⲉⲙⲛⲕⲩⲡⲧⲓ ⲡⲣⲉⲙⲛⲣⲁⲕⲱϯ ⲡⲣⲉⲙⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Ⲥⲁⲇ Ⲉⲗⲇⲓⲛ ⲥⲉⲛⲀⲗⲙ Ⲉⲗⲇⲓⲛ ⲥⲉⲛϢⲉⲙⲥ Ⲉⲗⲇⲓⲛ) (1378 AD – 10 March 1406 AD | 780 AH – 19 Ramadan 808 AH), commonly known as Saad al-Din bin Ghurab, was Amir al-Umara (the Prince of Princes) in the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and its de facto ruler starting from 1399, following the death of Sultan al-Zahir Barquq. Ibn Ghurab was able to combine the roles of Arbab al-Aqlam (Masters of the Pen) and Arbab al-Syouf (Masters of the Sword). He played a significant role in mitigating the effects of the famine that struck Egypt during the era of Sultan an-Nasir Faraj by distributing bread, clothing and food, and spending money on charitable activities.
Jebel e Ghurab is a mud volcano located in Balochistan, Pakistan.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →The Greenwood District.
