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THE JOURNEY THROUGH TIME

Explore Black History

Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.

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Civil Rights

Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.

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Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.

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Sports

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People

Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.

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Places

Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.

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Events

Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.

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MY'STORY

The MOVE Fire

This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985 Philadelphia police fired thousands of rounds at the MOVE house, city officials approved dropping an explosive device on the roof, the resulting fire was allowed to burn, 11 people—including five children—died, and 61 homes were destroyed. Philadelphia City Council later called it a “brutal attack carried out by the City of Philadelphia on its own citizens” and acknowledged that no individual faced criminal consequences for the bombing. One timeline correction worth preserving for the BHP record: the major previous MOVE-police confrontation was August 8, 1978, about seven years before the bombing, not a year or two earlier. Officer James Ramp was killed, other police and firefighters were wounded, nine MOVE members were later convicted, and television cameras recorded police beating Delbert Africa during his arrest. The 1985 MOVE Commission later specifically criticized city planners for failing to adequately use lessons from that 1978 confrontation. And that actually strengthens the point you’re making: 1985 did not happen without precedent or institutional memory. There had already been a deadly confrontation with MOVE, years of conflict, negotiations and police involvement before Osage Avenue.

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BLACK FACTS
The Truths They Never Taught You...

Shirley Chisholm — Unbought and Unbossed

In 1968 Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the United States Congress. In 1972 she launched a campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination, breaking another political barrier.

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NMAAHC

Letter from Mary Jane Hale Welles to Gideon Welles

Date
August 15, 1863
Description
This is a personal letter from Mary Jane Hale Welles to her husband Gideon Welles. The bifolio letter has a narrow black border around the front page. The letter is dated at the top [Bellfonte 15 Aug.] and begins [My dear Husband / This is Saturday / very warm for this region, but pleasantly cool enough nights]. The writing on the front and second page is oriented vertically, with the writing on the third and last page oriented horizontally. The writing on the last page runs vertically. Mary Welles wrote the letter from Bellefonte, Pennsylvania. The content of the letter covers the stay in Bellefonte, the couple's children and acquaintances, an upcoming journey to Philipsburg, Pennsylvania, a possible vacation to Glastonbury, and the recent Civil War draft lottery. On the third page, Welles writes, [There is great excitement here about the draft. Some of their worst copperheads are drafted but suddenly many of them are half lame]. The letter is signed [Truly your affectionate wife M.J.W.]. Another hand has added the date [1863] to the top right corner of the first page as well as [M. J. Welles / Aug '63] to the top center of the last page.
Transcription Center Status
Transcribed by digital volunteers
See more items in
National Museum of African American History and Culture Collection
Classification
Documents and Manuscripts
Credit Line
Collection of the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture
Data Source
National Museum of African American History and Culture
Object number
2018.35.2.5
Type
letters (correspondence)
Restrictions & Rights
Public domain
Proper usage is the responsibility of the user.
Medium
ink on paper (fiber product)
Dimensions
H x W (Open): 7 15/16 × 10 in. (20.2 × 25.4 cm)
H x W (Closed): 7 15/16 × 4 15/16 in. (20.2 × 12.6 cm)
Title
Object Name • Letter from Mary Jane Hale Welles to Gideon Welles
Record ID
nmaahc_2018.35.2.5
Museum
NMAAHC
Title Sort
LETTER FROM MARY JANE HALE WELLES TO GIDEON WELLES
Source
National Museum of African American History and Culture
Metadata Usage
CC0
Date
1860s
Geo Location
City • Bellefonte • County • Centre County • State • Pennsylvania • Country • United States • Continent • North and Central America
Online Media Type
Images
Online Media Rights
No Known Copyright Restrictions

Media

Source: National Museum of African American History and Culture, Smithsonian Institution. Rights and restrictions shown above are supplied by the Smithsonian record.

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Carte-de-visite portrait of Abby and Julia Smith

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Powder horn carved with the name of Revolutionary War soldier Prince Simbo

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NMAAHC

Letter from Mary Jane Hale Welles to Gideon Welles

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Description

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TOPIC OF THE DAY

Greenwood / Black Wall Street

Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.

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TRIVIA QUESTION OF THE DAY

Which heavyweight champion was known as the “Brown Bomber”?

Joe Louis.