Civil Rights
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
q2K BHP
Black History Portal
THE BHP WIRE —
HIDDEN TRUTHS
What's New!
Explore the people, places, events, achievements, struggles and stories that shaped our journey.
Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
Innovation, patents, science, technology and world-changing contributions.
Pioneers, champions, Negro Leagues, records, activism and excellence.
Meet the people whose lives, choices and achievements shaped the journey.
Black towns, communities, institutions and places where history happened.
Moments that changed communities, movements, institutions and the nation.
In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
| Hanifi Rohingya script 𐴌𐴟𐴇𐴥𐴝𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 𐴇𐴝𐴕𐴞𐴉𐴞 𐴓𐴠𐴑𐴤𐴝 رُحَ࣪ڠۡگَ࣪ࢬ حَنِفِي لࣦكَ࣪ Ruáingga Hanifi leká | |
|---|---|
 The word "Rohingya" written in the script | |
| Script type | Abjad
|
| Creator | Mohammad Hanif |
| Created | 1980s |
| Direction | Right-to-left script  |
| Languages | Rohingya language |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Rohg (167), Hanifi Rohingya |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Hanifi Rohingya |
| U+10D00–U+10D3F | |
The Hanifi Rohingya script is a unified script for the Rohingya language. It is one of three scripts currently used to write the Rohingya language, the other two being the Rohingya Arabic alphabet and the Rohingya Latin script.[1] The Rohingya language was first written in the 19th century with a version of the Perso-Arabic script. In 1975, an orthographic Arabic script was developed and approved by the community leaders, based on the Urdu alphabet but with unique innovations to make the script suitable to Rohingya.
In the 1980s, Mohammad Hanif and his colleagues created a suitable phonetic script based on the Arabic alphabet; it has been compared to the N’ko script.
This script, unlike the Arabic script, is alphabetical, meaning that all vowels are independent letters, as opposed to diacritics as is the case in Arabic. However, vowels cannot stand on their own and always need to be connected to a consonant similar to diacritics. Therefore, diphthongs cannot be written as vowel-vowel combination even though typographically this is possible. Tone markers are shown as diacritics in Hanifi script. It is written from right to left, following the direction of the Arabic script.[2][3]
The Rohingya script has 28 consonant letters and 10 vowel markers.
| 𐴅 | 𐴄 | 𐴃 | 𐴂 | 𐴁 | 𐴀 |
| 𐴋 | 𐴊 | 𐴉 | 𐴈 | 𐴇 | 𐴆 |
| 𐴑 | 𐴐 | 𐴏 | 𐴎 | 𐴍 | 𐴌 |
| 𐴗 | 𐴖 | 𐴕 | 𐴔 | 𐴓 | 𐴒 |
| 𐴛 | 𐴚 | 𐴙 | 𐴘 |
The script has 10 vowel letters.
| 𐴡 | 𐴠 | 𐴞 | 𐴟 | 𐴝 |
| 𐴧 | 𐴦 | 𐴥 | 𐴤 | 𐴣 |
The script has three tone markers that are shown as diacritics above the vowel letters. The tone markers indicate high, low or falling tones.
| ◌𐴦 | ◌𐴥 | ◌𐴤 |
| Character [4] | Name | Final | Medial | Latin Script | Arabic Script | Pronunciation | Unicode [5] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𐴀 | A | 𐴀 | ـ𐴀ـ | - | ا, ع | /ɔ/, /ʔ/ | U+10D00 |
| 𐴁 | BA | 𐴁𐴢 | ـ𐴁ـ | b | ب | /b/ | U+10D01 |
| 𐴂 | PA | 𐴂𐴢 | ـ𐴂ـ | p | پ | /p/ | U+10D02 |
| 𐴃 | TA | 𐴃𐴢 | ـ𐴃ـ | t | ت, ط | /t/ | U+10D03 |
| 𐴄 | TTA | 𐴄𐴢 | ـ𐴄ـ | th | ٹ | /ʈ/ | U+10D04 |
| 𐴅 | JA | 𐴅 | ـ𐴅ـ | j | ج | /ɟ/ | U+10D05 |
| 𐴆 | CA | 𐴆 | ـ𐴆ـ | ch | چ | /c/ | U+10D06 |
| 𐴇 | HA | 𐴇𐴢 | ـ𐴇ـ | h, h' | ح, ه | /h/ | U+10D07 |
| 𐴈 | KHA | 𐴈𐴢 | ـ𐴈ـ | h, kh | خ | /x/ | U+10D08 |
| 𐴉 | FA | 𐴉𐴢 | ـ𐴉ـ | f | ف | /f/ | U+10D09 |
| 𐴊 | DA | 𐴊𐴢 | ـ𐴊ـ | d | د, ض | /d/ | U+10D0A |
| 𐴋 | DDA | 𐴋 | ـ𐴋ـ | dh | ڈ | /ɖ/ | U+10D0B |
| 𐴌 | RA | 𐴌 | ـ𐴌ـ | r | ر | /ɾ/ | U+10D0C |
| 𐴍 | RRA | 𐴍 | ـ𐴍ـ | ç | ڑ | /ɽ/ | U+10D0D |
| 𐴎 | ZA | 𐴎 | ـ𐴎ـ | z | ز, ذ, ظ | /z/ | U+10D0E |
| 𐴏 | SA | 𐴏𐴢 | ـ𐴏ـ | s | س, ث, ص | /s/ | U+10D0F |
| 𐴐 | SHA | 𐴐𐴢 | ـ𐴐ـ | c | ش | /ʃ/ | U+10D10 |
| 𐴑 | KA | 𐴑 | ـ𐴑ـ | k | ک, ق | /k/ | U+10D11 |
| 𐴒 | GA | 𐴒𐴢 | ـ𐴒ـ | g | گ | /ɡ/ | U+10D12 |
| 𐴓 | LA | 𐴓𐴢 | ـ𐴓ـ | l | ل | /l/ | U+10D13 |
| 𐴔 | MA | 𐴔 | ـ𐴔ـ | m | م | /m/ | U+10D14 |
| 𐴕 | NA | 𐴕 | ـ𐴕ـ | n | ن | /n/ | U+10D15 |
| 𐴖 | WA | 𐴖𐴢 | ـ𐴖ـ | v | و | /ʋ/, /v/ | U+10D16 |
| 𐴗 | KINNA WA | 𐴗𐴢 | ـ𐴗ـ | u | و | /u̯/ (for cluster or diphthong) |
U+10D17 |
| 𐴘 | YA | 𐴘 | ـ𐴘ـ | y | ي | /j/ | U+10D18 |
| 𐴙 | KINNA YA | 𐴙𐴢 | ـ𐴙ـ | i | ي | /i̯/ (for cluster or diphthong) |
U+10D19 |
| 𐴚 | NGA = gan | 𐴚 | ـ𐴚ـ | ng | ڠ | /ŋ/ | U+10D1A |
| 𐴛 | NYA = nayya | 𐴛 | ـ𐴛ـ | ny | ني | /ɲ/ | U+10D1B |
| Character | Name | Latin Script | Arabic Script | Pronunciation | Unicode | Character | Name | Latin Script | Arabic Script | Type | IPA | Unicode |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𐴝 | aa-for | a | ◌َ | /a/ | U+10D1D | 𐴢 | Sakin (Ttura/Les) | none | ◌ۡ | Vowel silencer | none | U+10D22 |
| 𐴞 | i-for | i | ◌ِ | /i/ | U+10D1E | 𐴣 | Na-Khonna | ñ (full letter) | ں, ◌ً, ◌ࣧ, ◌ٍ, ◌ࣩ, ◌ٌ, ◌ࣨ | Nasalization mark | /◌̃/ | U+10D23 |
| 𐴟 | u-for | u | ◌ُ | /u/ | U+10D1F | ◌𐴤 | Harbai | á (acute accent) | ◌࣪ / ◌࣭ | Short high tone | /˥/ | U+10D24 |
| 𐴠 | e-for | e | ◌ࣦ | /e/ | U+10D20 | ◌𐴥 | Tela | áa (double, acute at first) | ◌࣫ / ◌࣮ | Long falling tone | /˥˩/ | U+10D25 |
| 𐴡 | o-for | o | ◌ࣤ, ◌ࣥ | /o/ | U+10D21 | ◌𐴦 | Tana | aá (double, acute at second) | ◌࣬ / ◌࣯ | Long rising tone | /˨˦/ | U+10D26 |
| 𐴧 | Tassi | U+10D27 | double consonant (gemination) |
Mohammad Hanif and his colleagues also created a set of numerals for the Rohingya language, The numbers are based on the Hindu–Arabic numerals but with some modifications.
| Name | sifír | ek | dui | tin | sair | fañs | só | háñt | añctho | no |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 𐴏𐴞𐴉𐴞𐴥𐴌 | 𐴀𐴠𐴑 | 𐴊𐴟𐴘 | 𐴃𐴞𐴕 | 𐴏𐴝𐴙𐴌 | 𐴉𐴝𐴣𐴏𐴢 | 𐴏𐴡𐴥 | 𐴇𐴝𐴥𐴣𐴃𐴢 | 𐴀𐴝𐴣𐴐𐴄𐴡 | 𐴕𐴡 | |
| سِفِ࣭رۡ | اࣦكۡ | دُيۡ | تِنۡ | سَيۡرۡ | فَنسۡ | سࣤ࣪ | حَ࣪نتۡ | اَنشۡٹࣤ | نࣤ | |
| Digit | 𐴰 | 𐴱 | 𐴲 | 𐴳 | 𐴴 | 𐴵 | 𐴶 | 𐴷 | 𐴸 | 𐴹 |
| Number | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Unicode | U+10D30 | U+10D31 | U+10D32 | U+10D33 | U+10D34 | U+10D35 | U+10D36 | U+10D37 | U+10D38 | U+10D39 |
The Rohingya script is written from right to left, similar to the Arabic script. There are 28 consonants and 10 vowel markers in the Rohingya language.
Each letter sits differently on the four-line writing system:
Understanding these positions is important for learning proper handwriting and preserving the beauty of the Rohingya script.
| 𐴀 | 𐴁 | 𐴃 | 𐴄 | 𐴅 | 𐴆 | 𐴈 | 𐴋 | 𐴌 | 𐴍 | 𐴎 | 𐴑 | 𐴓 | 𐴔 | 𐴕 | 𐴖 | 𐴗 | 𐴘 | 𐴚 | 𐴛 |
| 𐴂 | 𐴇 | 𐴉 | 𐴊 | 𐴏 | 𐴐 | 𐴒 |
| 𐴙 |
The Hanifi Rohingya script was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2018 with the release of version 11.0. Proposals to include it in Unicode were written by linguist Anshuman Pandey.[6]
The Unicode block for Hanifi Rohingya is U+10D00–U+10D3F and contains 50 characters:[7]
| Hanifi Rohingya[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+10D0x | 𐴀 | 𐴁 | 𐴂 | 𐴃 | 𐴄 | 𐴅 | 𐴆 | 𐴇 | 𐴈 | 𐴉 | 𐴊 | 𐴋 | 𐴌 | 𐴍 | 𐴎 | 𐴏 |
| U+10D1x | 𐴐 | 𐴑 | 𐴒 | 𐴓 | 𐴔 | 𐴕 | 𐴖 | 𐴗 | 𐴘 | 𐴙 | 𐴚 | 𐴛 | 𐴜 | 𐴝 | 𐴞 | 𐴟 |
| U+10D2x | 𐴠 | 𐴡 | 𐴢 | 𐴣 | 𐴤 | 𐴥 | 𐴦 | 𐴧 | ||||||||
| U+10D3x | 𐴰 | 𐴱 | 𐴲 | 𐴳 | 𐴴 | 𐴵 | 𐴶 | 𐴷 | 𐴸 | 𐴹 | ||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
A virtual keyboard was developed by Google for the Rohingya language in 2019 and allows users to type in the Rohingya script. Ahkter Husin, a Rohingya software developer developed a keyboard for Android phones which is available on Google Play Store. Users can download here. Ahkter Husin and Kyaw Zay Ya Lin Tun developed a keyboard app for iOS which can be found here. The Rohingya Unicode keyboard layout can be found here.
The following is a Rohingya translation of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, comparing the Hanifi and Arabic scripts.
| Rohingya in Hanifi Script | .𐴔𐴝𐴕𐴥𐴟𐴙𐴐𐴢 𐴁𐴠𐴒𐴧𐴟𐴤𐴕 𐴀𐴝𐴎𐴝𐴊𐴢 𐴇𐴤𐴞𐴏𐴝𐴉𐴠,. 𐴀𐴝𐴌 𐴀𐴞𐴎𐴧𐴡𐴃𐴢 𐴀𐴠𐴊𐴧𐴠 𐴇𐴤𐴡𐴑 𐴀𐴥𐴡𐴑𐴧𐴡𐴓𐴡𐴃𐴢 ،𐴉𐴤𐴟𐴖𐴝𐴙𐴕𐴧𐴝 𐴇𐴤𐴞𐴏𐴝𐴉𐴠 𐴉𐴡𐴘𐴊𐴝 𐴀𐴥𐴡𐴘𐴧𐴠. 𐴉𐴡𐴃𐴧𐴞𐴤 𐴀𐴞𐴕𐴏𐴝𐴤𐴕𐴡𐴃𐴧𐴟 𐴇𐴡𐴕𐴤𐴡 𐴉𐴡𐴌𐴥𐴡𐴑.𐴏𐴤𐴝𐴌𐴝 𐴀𐴠𐴓𐴝𐴕𐴡𐴃𐴢 𐴀𐴝𐴏𐴤𐴠𐴊𐴠 𐴃𐴝𐴔𐴦𐴝𐴔 𐴇𐴤𐴡𐴑 𐴀𐴥𐴡𐴑𐴧𐴡𐴓𐴢 𐴀𐴠𐴊𐴧𐴠 𐴀𐴝𐴎𐴝𐴊𐴞 𐴀𐴡𐴑𐴧𐴡𐴓𐴢 𐴓𐴡𐴘 𐴉𐴝𐴥𐴘𐴊𐴝 𐴒𐴡𐴌𐴥𐴡𐴕𐴡𐴌 𐴇𐴤𐴡𐴑 𐴀𐴝𐴌, 𐴃𐴝𐴌𐴤𐴝𐴌𐴠, 𐴊𐴞𐴓𐴢 𐴀𐴠𐴊𐴧𐴠 𐴊𐴠𐴔𐴝𐴑 𐴊𐴞𐴘𐴧𐴠𐴤. 𐴀𐴥𐴡𐴃𐴡𐴓𐴧𐴝, 𐴃𐴝𐴌𐴤𐴝𐴃𐴧𐴟 𐴀𐴠𐴑𐴎𐴡𐴕 𐴓𐴡𐴘. 𐴀𐴝𐴌 𐴀𐴠𐴑𐴎𐴡𐴕 𐴁𐴤𐴝𐴘 𐴇𐴤𐴞𐴏𐴝𐴉𐴠 𐴔𐴦𐴝𐴔𐴠𐴓𐴝 𐴒𐴡𐴌𐴥𐴡𐴕 𐴏𐴝𐴦. |
|---|---|
| Rohingya in Rohingya Arabic Script | مَنُ࣪شۡ بࣦگُّ࣪نۡ اَزَدۡ حِ࣭سَفࣦ، اَرۡ عِزّࣤتۡ اَرۡدࣦ حࣤ࣪قۡ اࣤ࣪كّࣤلۡ اࣤ࣪تۡ، فُ࣪وَ࣪نَّ࣪ࢬ حِ࣭سَفࣦ فࣤيۡدَ اࣤ࣪يّࣦ. فࣤتِّ اِنۡسَ࣪نۡ اࣤ࣪تُّ هࣤنࣤ࣪ فࣤرࣤ࣪كۡ سَ࣪رَ࣪ عࣦلَنۡ اࣤتۡ اَسࣦ࣭دࣦ تَمَ࣪مۡ حࣤ࣪قۡ اࣤ࣪كّࣤلۡ اَرۡدࣦ اَزَدِ اࣤ࣪كّࣤلۡ لࣤيۡ فَ࣫يۡدَ࣪ گࣤرࣤ࣫نۡ اࣤ࣪رۡ حࣤ࣪قۡ اَسࣦ࣭. اَرۡ، تَرَ࣪رࣦ࣭ دِلۡ اَرۡدࣦ دࣦمَكۡ دِيࣦ࣭ اࣤ࣪تࣤ࣪لَّ، تَرَ࣪تُّ࣪ اࣦك زࣤنۡ لࣤيۡ اَرۡ اࣦكۡزࣤنۡ بَ࣪يۡ حِ࣭سَفࣦ مَامَلَ گࣤرࣤ࣫نۡ سَ࣬. |
| English original: | "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." |
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The Hanifi Rohingya script is a unified script for the Rohingya language. It is one of three scripts currently used to write the Rohingya language, the other two being the Rohingya Arabic alphabet and the Rohingya Latin script. The Rohingya language was first written in the 19th century with a version of the Perso-Arabic script. In 1975, an orthographic Arabic script was developed and approved by the community leaders, based on the Urdu alphabet but with unique innovations to make the script suitable to Rohingya. In the 1980s, Mohammad Hanif and his colleagues created a suitable phonetic script based on the Arabic alphabet; it has been compared to the N’ko script. This script, unlike the Arabic script, is alphabetical, meaning that all vowels are independent letters, as opposed to diacritics as is the case in Arabic. However, vowels cannot stand on their own and always need to be connected to a consonant similar to diacritics. Therefore, diphthongs cannot be written as vowel-vowel combination even though typographically this is possible. Tone markers are shown as diacritics in Hanifi script. It is written from right to left, following the direction of the Arabic script.
Hanifi Rohingya is a Unicode block containing characters for Hanifi Rohingya script used for writing the Rohingya language in Myanmar and Bangladesh.
The Rohingya Arabic alphabet is a modified Arabic script for the Rohingya language. It is one of three scripts currently used to write the Rohingya language, the other two being the Hanifi Rohingya script and the Rohingya Latin script. Rohingya was first written in the 19th century with a version of the Perso-Arabic script. In 1975, an orthographic Arabic script was developed and approved by the community leaders, based on the Urdu alphabet but with unique innovations to make the script suitable to Rohingya. In the 1980s, Mohammad Hanif and his colleagues created the suitable phonetic script based on Arabic letters; the Hanifi Rohingya script; it has been compared to the N’ko script. This script has gained popularity among Rohingya speakers, challenging the position of Arabic script, and presenting itself as a uniquely Rohingya script. Nevertheless, as most Rohingya children attend Arabic and Quranic classes and are intimately familiar with the Arabic script, Rohingya Arabic script remains suitable and relevant for Rohingya language. Tests that have been conducted suggest that this script can be learned in a matter of hours if the reader has learned Arabic in a madrassa. One of the most significant advocates of Rohingya Arabic script has been Kyaw Hla Aung, a world-renowned Rohingya lawyer and civil rights activist. One of the most important features of Rohingya Arabic alphabet, a feature which makes this script unique among other adaptions of the Arabic script, is tone markers. Another feature of Rohingya Arabic script is that unlike its parent systems, Persian and Urdu, vowel diacritics are essential for writing in Rohingya. Whereas Persian and Urdu use three diacritics (rarely written) as well as three letters to represent their 6 vowel sounds, Rohingya has been modified to eliminate the reliance on such a dual system, instead solely relying on diacritics. In doing so, 3 new diacritics have been introduced to Rohingya, which are "curly" versions of the three existing diacritics.
Mohammad Hanif may refer to: Nassar (actor) (born Muhammad Hanif), Indian actor and director Muhamed Haneef (born 1979), Indian physician who was wrongly accused of aiding terrorists Mohammad Hanif (clan leader) Mohammad Hanif (cricketer), Pakistani cricketer who played for Pakistan Air Force Mohammad Hanif (mayor) (died 2006), mayor of Dhaka during 1994 to 2002 Mohammad Hanif (scholar) (fl. 1980s), inventor of the Hanifi Rohingya script Muhammad Hanif (Taliban spokesperson) (died 2008), spokesman for Afghan Taliban Muhammad Hanif Qureshi (1877–1938), South Asian Muslim poet Mohammed Hanif (born 1964), British Pakistani writer and journalist Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer) (born 1961), Iranian novelist and scholar Md. Hanif, Bangladeshi politician
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Shirley Chisholm, elected in 1968.
