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Katherine Johnson’s mathematical calculations helped guide some of America’s most important early space missions while she confronted the racial and gender barriers faced by Black women in twentieth-century America.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
 Subaru images of GJ 504 using two near-infrared wavelengths (orange, 1.6 micrometers, taken in May 2011; blue, 1.2 micrometers, April 2012). Once processed to remove scattered starlight, the images reveal the orbiting planet, GJ 504b. | |
| Discovery | |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | Kuzuhara et al. |
| Discovery site | Subaru Telescope |
| Discovery date | 2013 |
| Direct imaging | |
| Designations | |
| GJ 504 b, 59 Virginis b, e Virginis b, HD 115383 b, HIP 64792 b | |
| Orbital characteristics[1] | |
| 41.3+4.0 −10.0 AU | |
| Eccentricity | 0.22+0.11 −0.17 |
| 242+37 −81 years | |
| Inclination | 141°+8.0° −8.7° |
| 153.0+9.5 −12.0 | |
| 0.357+0.097 −0.078[a] | |
| 61°+37° −61° | |
| Star | 59 Virginis (Gliese 504) |
| Physical characteristics[2] | |
| 0.92±0.02 RJ 0.96–0.97 RJ | |
| Mass | 25.2+8.4 −6.0 MJ 19–27 MJ |
| 4.87+0.13 −0.12 cgs | |
| Temperature | 564 ± 4 K (290.85 ± 4.00 °C; 555.53 ± 7.20 °F) |
Spectral type | T8[3] |
Gliese 504 b (or 59 Virginis b) is a jovian planet or a brown dwarf orbiting the solar analog 59 Virginis (Gliese 504),[note 1] discovered by direct imaging using HiCIAO instrument and AO188 adaptive optics system on the Subaru Telescope of Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii by Kuzuhara et al.[4]
The discovery images were taken in 2011 and common proper motion was confirmed in 2012 as part of the Strategic Explorations of Exoplanets and Disks with Subaru (SEEDS) survey. The SEEDS survey aims to detect and characterize giant planets and circumstellar disks using the 8.2-meter Subaru Telescope.
In February 2013 Kuzuhara et al. submitted the discovery paper to The Astrophysical Journal, and in September it was published.[4] A follow-up study published in the October 2013 edition of the Astrophysical Journal confirmed methane absorption in the infrared H band, the first time this has been done for a directly imaged planet that formed within a disk.[3]
In January 2025 Mâlin et al. published a paper confirming the detection of ammonia, using the Mid-Infrared Instrument aboard the James Webb Space Telescope.[5]
In June 2026 Baburaj et al. published the first spectral observations of Gliese 504 b, made using the NIRSpec instrument aboard the James Webb Space Telescope, showing an unusual metal-rich atmosphere with salty clouds.[2]
GJ 504 b's spectral type was originally projected to be late T or early Y, and a follow-up study estimated that a T8 spectral type was the best fit.[3] Comparing the spectrum and photometry of Gliese 504 b to atmospherical retrievals indicate an effective temperature is 564 ± 4 K (290.85 ± 4.00 °C; 555.53 ± 7.20 °F), much cooler than previously imaged exoplanets, and a radius of 0.92±0.02 RJ. Evolutionary models for an age of two billion years predict a radius between 0.96 and 0.97 RJ, indicating that the atmospheric radius may be underestimated.[2]
The atmosphere has strong absorption by water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen sulfide. The atmospheric retrievals also strongly prefer a cloudy atmosphere over a cloud-free atmosphere; the uppermost cloud layer is likely made of potassium chloride and zinc sulfide. Such retrievals also hint for an 2.5+0.9
−0.6 × overabundance of carbon and 2.1+1.0
−1.6 × overabundance of oxygen compared to the host star's abundances, which tentatively suggests planet-like formation but does not rule out brown dwarf-like formation, with more accurate measurements of both stellar and planetary abundances being necessary for more precise assertions.[2]
The angular separation of the planet from its parent star is about 2.5 arcseconds, corresponding to a projected separation of 44.7 AU,[5] which is nearly nine times the distance between Jupiter and the Sun, which poses a challenge to theoretical ideas of how giant planets form.[6] Models such as core accretion or disk instability fail to reproduce the characteristics of this planet, such as its super-solar metallicity.[5]
The mass of Gliese 504 b is uncertain, as it depends on the host star's age, which is poorly known. The discoverers adopted an age value 0.16+0.35
−0.06 Gyr and estimated mass as 4.0+4.5
−1.0 MJ.[4] In 2015, other astronomers obtained age value 4.5+2.0
−1.5 Gyr, which corresponds to 20–30 MJ. In this case, the object is a brown dwarf rather than a planet.[7]
In 2017, an intermediate age value 2.5+1.0
−0.7 Gyr was published,[8] while in 2018 two ages of 21±2 Myr and 4±1.8 Gyr were published, corresponding to planetary masses of 1.3+0.6
−0.3 MJ and 23+10
−9 MJ respectively.[9] Intermediate ages were proposed in 2025, ranging from 400 million to one billion years, which would imply a mass between one and 17 MJ, still not sufficient to confirm the nature of GJ 504 b. Measuring the abundance of ammonia in the planet's atmosphere could constrain its mass, current measurements suggest a mass likely within the planetary-mass regime, while the mid-infrared brightness seems to place the object at a higher age and mass.[5] Indeed 59 Virginis appear to be older than a few million years, the properties which supported the very low age could also be explained by the engulfment of a planet. Ages between 360 million and 2.5 billion years were proposed in another 2025 study.[10]
One 2026 study obtained a mass of 25.2+8.4
−6.0 MJ based on their retrieved surface gravity and radius from atmospheric retrievals, in good agreement with the 19–27 MJ derived from evolutionary models and earlier estimates derived for an age of 4.0±1.8 Gyr. Comparing the luminosity (106.09±0.01 L☉), temperature (564±4 K) and radius (0.92±0.04 RJ) with the predictions of ATMO evolutionary models would give an age between 2.5 and 4.0 billion years. The authors note that evolutionary models for low-temperature companions which account for a high metal enrichment, cloudy atmospheres and disequilibrium chemistry are necessary for more precise age determinations.[2]
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Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
Gliese 504 b (or 59 Virginis b) is a jovian planet or a brown dwarf orbiting the solar analog 59 Virginis (Gliese 504), discovered by direct imaging using HiCIAO instrument and AO188 adaptive optics system on the Subaru Telescope of Mauna Kea Observatory, Hawaii by Kuzuhara et al.
Subaru Telescope (すばる望遠鏡, Subaru Bōenkyō) is the 8.2-metre (320 in) telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, located at the Mauna Kea Observatory on Hawaii. It is named after the open star cluster known in English as the Pleiades. It had the largest monolithic primary mirror in the world from its commissioning until the Large Binocular Telescope opened in 2005.
These are lists of planets. A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is neither a star nor its remnant. The best available theory of planet formation is the nebular hypothesis, which posits that an interstellar cloud collapses out of a nebula to create a young protostar orbited by a protoplanetary disk. There are eight planets within the Solar System; planets outside of the solar system are also known as exoplanets. As of 8 October 2026, there are 6,445 confirmed exoplanets in 4,834 planetary systems, with 1,070 systems having more than one planet. There are an additional 1,977 potential exoplanets from the Kepler space telescope's first mission yet to be confirmed, as well as 975 from its "Second Light" mission and 4,823 from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission.
Gliese 758 is a star in the northern constellation of Lyra. At about magnitude 6 it is a challenge to view with the naked eye even in good seeing conditions, but can be easily seen through a small telescope or binoculars. Parallax measurements from the Hipparcos mission give it an estimated distance of around 50.9 light-years (15.6 parsecs) from Earth.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
