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Movements, leaders, victories and the continuing fight for equality.
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In August 1908, a white mob attacked Springfield, Illinois’s Black community, destroying homes and businesses and lynching two Black men. National outrage over the violence helped spur the movement that created the NAACP the following year.
MORE →Reflects the personal views, recollections, and perspective of the author, Mike Davis.
This is a personal recollection on the Move fire on May 13, 1985
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 The 9370 system - three IBM 9309 racks, equipped with: compute nodes; storage modules; network modules. | |
| Also known as | ES/9370 |
|---|---|
| Developer | IBM |
| Released | 1986 |
| Discontinued | 1989 |
| MVS, VM, VSE, AIX/370, DPPX[1] | |
The IBM 9370 systems are "baby mainframe" midrange computers,[2] released 1986 at the very low end of, and compatible with System/370. The media of the day, referring to the VAX systems manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), carried IBM's alleged "VAX Killer" phrase, albeit often skeptically.[3]
The IBM 9370 was created in the aftermath of the failed Fort Knox project, which attempted to consolidate all of IBM's midrange systems into a single IBM 801-based hardware platform.[4] The announcement[5] described the IBM 9370 as a "super-mini computer" for commercial and engineering/scientific use—compact, rack-mounted, designed for an office environment, not needing a data center to be used.
At the time of announcement the systems were positioned between IBM's midrange systems (IBM System/36 and IBM System/38), and the IBM 4300 mainframe series in performance.[6] The IBM 9370 was partially a replacement[7] for the also-not-so-successful IBM 8100 distributed processing engine. High-level 9370 models were mentioned as a substitution[8] when low-level 4300 models were withdrawn from marketing 1987.
Intended to be sold in large amounts as departmental machines ("VAX killers"),[9] the 9370 initially suffered from lack of software and the failure of IBM to market it properly.[10] Nevertheless, the systems were popular at least with users actually needing System/370 compatibility while not wanting to accept the expense of a larger system (like e.g. smaller software houses) or with users (like some large IBM customers) preferring hierarchically structured distributed processing solutions rigidly managed by central communication controllers like IBM 37xx. By 1990 the 9370 line had around 6,300 installed systems and generated over 2 billion dollars in sales for IBM.[10] The relatively lacklustre commercial success of the 9370 served as an impetus for the creation of the much more successful AS/400 midrange systems.[11]
While becoming part of the IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture in 1988 ("ES/9370" like "ES/4300" and "ES/3090"), the 9370s weren't XA systems. In 1990 IBM announced the "ES/9000" series; the rack-mounted models 120-170 with 31-bit Enterprise Systems Architecture (ESA) and ESCON were the suggested upgrades for ES/9370 users.[12]
| Model | Model No. | Level | Memory (MB) | I/O card slots | DASD/Tape Controller | Workstation Controller | MVS/SP capability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20, 30 | 9373 | low priced, entry level | 4, 8, 16 | 7 | 1-2 | 2 | no |
| 40, 50, 55, 60 | 9375 | mid-size | 8, 16 | 17 | 1-4 | 2-4 | larger Mod.60 only |
| 80, 90 | 9377 | highest (5x Mod.20) | 8, 16 | 54 | 1-12 | 2-12 | yes |
The original 9370 hardware was based on technology created for the Fort Knox project - reusing some of the IBM 801-based processor design, and the SPD I/O bus which was derived from the Series/1 bus.[4][13][14] All models included a floating-point accelerator as well as a processor console to install, operate and maintain the system. A militarized variant of the 9370 named the System/MIL-370 was announced alongside the original 9370 models, designed to operate in harsher environmental conditions than the standard 9370 hardware.[5]
Each DASD/Tape Controller had eight device addresses and provided a data transfer rate of 3 MB. IBM 9332 (368 MB) and IBM 9335 (824 MB) DASD and IBM 9347 nine-track half-inch tape have been announced for the 9370s.
Each Workstation Controller could interface up to 32 IBM 3270 terminals / printers.
Software for all models included VM/SP+VM/IS, VSE/SP, and VM/SP+IX/370, while MVS/SP was only available for larger models.
An upgrade (Miscellaneous Equipment Specification, MES) was available which involved - among other things - replacing the 9332 FBA drives with CKD enabled DASDs.
In 1988, Distributed Processing Programming Executive DPPX/370 for ES/9370 was made available to customers wanting to migrate[15] from the IBM 8100 running DPPX.
The "Micro Channel 370" Models 010, 012, 014 (later 110, 112, 114) ES/9371 introduced in 1990 used the Micro Channel bus and a 386 CPU for input/output (I/O) processing. Additionally, a dual-processor model was offered, providing a second 386 CPU for DOS and OS/2 applications, implementing a high-speed link between the processors. With the models mentioned, APPC support was added, using LU6.2 based on SNA PU2.1.
...the introduction of a new series of small mainframe computers, called the I.B.M. 9370 Information System, that the company is counting on to revive its offerings in the midrange computer market.
appears to be slaying precious few Vaxes
The 9370, a midrange computer nicknamed the VAX-killer because it reportedly was designed to attack Digital`s stronghold, its VAX line...
Source: Wikipedia. Article content is retrieved live through the MediaWiki API.
The IBM 9370 systems are "baby mainframe" midrange computers, released 1986 at the very low end of, and compatible with System/370. The media of the day, referring to the VAX systems manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), carried IBM's alleged "VAX Killer" phrase, albeit often skeptically.
The IBM System/390 is a discontinued mainframe product family implementing ESA/390, the fifth generation of the System/360 instruction set architecture. The first computers to use the ESA/390 were the Enterprise System/9000 (ES/9000) family, which were introduced in 1990. These were followed by the 9672, Multiprise, and Integrated Server families of System/390 in 1994–1999, using CMOS microprocessors. The ESA/390 succeeded ESA/370, used in the Enhanced 3090 and 4381 "E" models, and the System/370 architecture last used in the IBM 9370 low-end mainframe. ESA/390 was succeeded by the 64-bit z/Architecture in 2000.
The IBM 8100 Information System, announced Oct. 3, 1978, was at one time IBM’s principal distributed processing engine, providing local processing capability under two incompatible operating systems (DPPX and DPCX) and was a follow-on to the IBM 3790. The 8100, when used with the Distributed Processing Programming Executive (DPPX), was intended to provide turnkey distributed processing capabilities in a centrally controlled and managed network. It never saw much success—one anonymous source, according to PC Magazine, called it a "boat anchor"—and became moribund when host-based networks went out of fashion. This, coupled with IBM's recognition that they had too many hardware and software systems with similar processing power and function, led to announcement in March 1986 that the 8100 line would not be expanded and a new System/370 compatible processor line, ES/9370, would be provided to replace it. In March 1987, IBM announced that it intended to provide in 1989 a version of DPPX/SP that would run on the new ES/9370. A formal announcement followed in March 1988 of DPPX/370, a version of DPPX that executed on the ES/9370 family of processors. DPPX/370 was made available to customers in December 1988. DPCX (Distributed Processing Control eXecutive) was mainly to support a word processing system, Distributed Office Support Facility (DOSF).
Distributed Processing Programming Executive is a discontinued operating system introduced by IBM, pre-installed on the IBM 8100 and later ported to the ES/9370.
Before the 1921 destruction of Tulsa’s Greenwood District, Black residents had created a remarkable center of business and community life. The district included stores, professional offices, entertainment venues and homes owned by Black citizens. Understanding Greenwood means learning what was built—not only what was burned.
MORE →Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.
